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INTEGRATED SCIENCE I



Quarter 1 The Scientific Method and Matter

Module 1 The Scientific Method

You will study the following topics in this module:

Lesson 1 - Formulating a Research Problem and Hypothesis
Lesson 2 - Planning the Investigation, Experimentation and Data Analysis
Lesson 3 - Making Conclusions and Recommendations




                  EXPLORE Your Understanding


In this phase, you will be given an overview of the scientific method. Your
understanding of basic and integrated science processes gained from elementary
science will also be assessed.


Pre-Assessment

A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a
   separate sheet.

  1. How is a hypothesis tested?
     a. by using the hypothesis to make predictions about a system.
     b. by comparing observations in nature with predictions
     c. by conducting an experiment and looking for results
     d. All of the above

  2. Which of the following statements would be true of the scientific method?
     a. People structure their lives on the principle of scientific method.
     b. The scientific method is a continuous process by which people learn about
        his world.
     c. Scientists report the experimental results, but not the experimental design.
     d. When the results of the experiment do not fit the hypothesis, a scientist may
        discard the results and stop the experiment.


                                           1
3. Suppose your mother sent you to the market to buy fruits and vegetables.
     How would you choose good quality fruits and vegetables?
     a. Ask the vendor to choose it for you.
     b. Examine the fruit if it is free from insect bites and the smell of insecticide.
     c. Just get any kind and pay right away.
     d. Tell your mother that you do not know how to buy good quality fruits and
        vegetables.

  4. When scientists wish to communicate the results of their research, they are
     most likely to do which of the following?
     a. immediately repeat the research
     b. call a press conference
     c. write a concise report with complete results and proofs to the experiments
        performed and formulate conclusions
     d. sell their findings to other researchers

  5. During an experiment about a coin and feather that were dropped at the same
     time, it was found that the coin reached the ground first. One student said:
     “Maybe, the coin is heavier than the feather.” What do you call this kind of
     statement?
     a. a problem
     b. a hypothesis
     c. an interpretation
     d. a conclusion

B. Identification. For Numbers 6 – 10, identify what science processes are revealed
   in the following statements: Write your answer on the space provided after the
   number.


   communicating              inferring
                                                                interpretation
   experimenting              hypothesizing
                                                                observation
   generalization             identifying the problem


  6. A girl is standing in an open field. There is no shadow formed because it is
     12 noon. ____________________

  7. Blue litmus paper turned red when it was dipped into an unknown liquid.
     ____________________

  8. The liquid in the test tube is an acid. ____________________

  9. The laptop computer is not functioning anymore. Maybe the battery got
     discharged. ___________________.

  10. A nail turned rusty. What made it that way? ________________




                                             2
C. Directions: Read the following story, and then follow the directions below.

   A science student conducted a study of the ability of vertebrate blood to carry
   oxygen. He believed that a low environmental temperature would cause the
   organism's blood to carry less oxygen than blood at a higher temperature. The
   following reflects the student’s experiment and the data he collected.

      Two tanks of salt water, each containing 25 gallons, were set up in the lab.
      Each tank was filled with the same types of organisms (perch and salmon).
      The same type of aerators was added to each tank to supply dissolved oxygen
       to the fish.
      To one of the tanks, marked TANK A, the temperature was decreased at
       increments of 5 degrees C every 20 minutes.
      The second tank, marked TANK B, the temperature was raised at increments
       of 5 degrees C every 20 minutes.
      Blood was removed from each of the fish and measured for its oxygen content.
      Below are the results from the above experiment


                  Amount of Dissolved                         Amount of Dissolved
Temperature                                    Temperature
                 Oxygen found in fish in                     Oxygen found in fish in
   in 0C                                          in 0C
                    Tank A (ppm)                                 Tank B (ppm)
       25                 35                       25                 35
       20                 30                       30                 32
       15                 23                       35                 39
       10                 12                       40                 35
       5                   8                       45                 20



1. What is the hypothesis of the above experiment?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________


2. Is the above experiment a controlled experiment? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________


3. What is the variable factor in the above experiment?
 __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________




                                           3
4. Graph the data above and then answer the questions that follow.



                                                                                                                  Table 1



                                                                            35 40 45 50
                                           Temperatures in degree Celsius



                                                                            20 25 30
                                                                            15
                                                                            10
                                                                            5




                                                                                              5   10   15 20 25 30      35 40 45 50 55 60

                                                                                           Amount of Dissolved Oxygen found in fish in Tank A -ppm




                                                                                                                Table 2
                                                                            35 40 45 50
          Temperatures in degree Celsius




                                                                            20 25 30
                                                                            15
                                                                            10
                                                                            5




                                                                                              5   10   15 20 25 30      35 40 45 50 55 60



                                                                                          Amount of Dissolved Oxygen found in fish in Tank B -ppm



5. What is the dependent variable? ____________________________________

6. What is the independent variable? ____________________________________

7. Based on the above data, is the scientist’s hypothesis correct? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

                                                                                                                       4
8. What are the controls used in the above experiment?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________




              KWL Chart

Before you begin with the next part of this module, fill in the first two columns. Fill in
the last column after completing the module.

                                        Matter
       What I know               What I want to know              What I learned




You have just finished the first phase of this module. As you proceed to the next
activities, think of a product output that will enable you to show your understanding of
the scientific method. This product will be presented in the last part of this module
which will be assessed based on the following criteria:

          a) Community-based
          b) Application of Scientific Method


As you proceed with the rest of the activities, always have this question in your mind,
“When do scientific methods become valuable”.



Your understanding of the scientific method will be increased as you study the
lessons and perform the activities in the FIRM UP phase.




                                            5
FIRM UP Your Understanding

                In this phase, varied learning experiences shall be introduced to
help you understand scientific methods and equip you with skills and knowledge for
you to be successful throughout the topic. This involves acquiring scientific
knowledge using scientific methods and processes. This also involves understanding
or making meanings out of the scientific knowledge obtained.

Scientific Method: An Overview
The scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of
bias or prejudgment in the experimenter. It results from
personal beliefs, as well as cultural beliefs, which means
any human filters information based on his or her own
experience. Unfortunately, this filtering process can cause a
scientist to prefer one outcome over another. For someone
trying to solve a problem around the house, succumbing to
these kinds of biases is not such a big deal. But in the
scientific community, where results have to be reviewed and
duplicated, bias must be avoided at all costs.

That's the job of the scientific method. It provides an objective, standardized
approach to conducting experiments and, in doing so, improves their results. By
using a standardized approach in their investigations, scientists can feel confident
that they will stick to the facts and limit the influence of personal, preconceived
notions.

The illustration below shows the cyclic presentation of basic procedures of scientific
method. As you go on further with the lesson, you will be able to understand each
step clearly as you do the given activities in each lesson.




                                          6
The scientific method requires observations of nature to formulate and test
hypotheses through experimentation. The record data from the experiment will
determine the correctness of your hypothesis. Further observation and
experimentation are needed if the hypothesis is incorrect.


Lesson 1 - Formulating Research Problem and Hypothesis

Problem solving is an important survival skill for people of all ages. Early human
beings were forced to problem solve to ensure the evolution of humanity. This
problem solving skill has helped people produce all the conveniences and comforts
in life. These include the rapid improvements in our communication, transportation,
medicine, and many more.

But nowadays, we are given fewer and fewer opportunities to problem solve for
ourselves because as a society we have grown accustomed to fixing other people's
problems. Assisting others is admirable, but not at the expense of that person's well
being. We still need to develop skills that would enable us to investigate phenomena
and acquire new knowledge, as well as correcting and integrating previous
knowledge

In this lesson, you will learn the scientists’ recommended step by step procedure of
identifying and solving problems. You will solve problems, think critically, analyze
data, find answers, and formulate research problems or questions.

After having thoroughly researched your question,
you should have some educated guess about how
things work. This educated guess about the answer
to your question is called the hypothesis.

The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be
tested in your experiment. Do this by expressing the
hypothesis using your independent variable (the
variable you change during your experiment) and
your dependent variable (the variable you observe-
changes in the dependent variable depend on changes in the independent variable).
In fact, many hypotheses are stated exactly like this: "If a particular independent
variable is changed, then there is also a change in a certain dependent variable."

                     "If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the independent
                      variable], then it will increase the flow of water [flow of water is
                      the dependent variable].
      "Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature is the independent
       variable] will increase the amount of sugar that dissolves [the
       amount of sugar is the dependent variable]."
                              "If a plant receives fertilizer [having
                                fertilizer is the independent variable],
                                then it will grow to be bigger than a


                                            7
plant that does not receive fertilizer [plant size is the
        dependent variable]."
       "If I put fenders on a bicycle [having fenders is the
        independent variable], then they will keep the rider dry when
        riding through puddles [the dependent variable is how much
        water splashes on the rider]."

Notice that in each of the examples it will be easy to measure the independent
variables. This is another important characteristic of a good hypothesis. If we can
readily measure the variables in the hypothesis, then we say that the hypothesis is
testable.

Not every question can be answered by the scientific method. The hypothesis is the
key. If you can state your question as a testable hypothesis, then you can use the
scientific method to obtain an answer.

Activity 1.1
Directions: Interview at least 20 adult individuals who have children in your locality
and ask the question listed below.

What is the most common ailment of children in your Check            the   age Total
community?                                          bracket
                                                         0-3   4-6   7-    10-
                                                                     9     11
   a.   Athletes foot
   b.   Boils
   c.   Chicken pox
   d.   Cold
   e.   Constipation
   f.   Cough
   g.   Diarrhea
   h.   Fever
   i.   Measles
   j.   Mump
   k.   Worm
   l.   Other / pls. specify

Guide Questions

   1. What is the most common ailment in your locality?
      ____________________________________________________________

   2. What particular age bracket of the children mostly suffers from this ailment?


   3. State the major health problem of the children in your locality?
      ______________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________

                                          8
4. Write you hypothesis.
      ______________________________________________________________
      _____________________________________________________________


Activity 1.2
Identify the problem in the picture below and make your own hypothesis.


                    Problem:
                   ________________________________________________________

                   Hypothesis:
                   ________________________________________________________
                   ________________________________________________________




                      Problem:
                      ______________________________________________________

                      Hypothesis:
                      ______________________________________________________
                      ______________________________________________________
                      ______________________________________________________




                   Problem:
                   _______________________________________________________

                   Hypothesis:
                   ________________________________________________________
                   ________________________________________________________




                Problem:________________________________________________

                Hypothesis:_________________________________________________
                ___________________________________________________________




                                         9
Lesson 2 - Planning Investigation, Experimentation and Data Analysis


After identifying and formulating the problem, you have to think carefully about the
plan of the research that would test your hypothesis. In this process, you should
consider the options you have about different ways in which the research topic can
be investigated, that is a research design.

You should try to choose a design that will give most
definitive answers about the research topic. But you
have to weigh this against the possibility of doing the
study. You have to consider, among other things,
your own capabilities, the availability of material or
subjects for the research, and the availability of
resources.

After deciding on a research design that is
appropriate to deal with the research topic and that is achievable, you have to look
again at the broad research topic, define and refine it.

For many studies, this will involve generating a research hypothesis that can be
tested through experimentation.

Experimentation is the step in the scientific method that helps people decide
between two or more competing explanations – or hypotheses. These hypotheses
suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon, or predict the results of an action.

                   An example might be the hypothesis that "if I let go of this ball, it
                   will fall to the floor": this suggestion can then be tested by
                   carrying out the experiment of letting go of the ball, and
                   observing the results.




Once hypotheses are defined, an experiment can be carried out - and the results
analyzed - in order to confirm, refute, or define the accuracy of the hypotheses.
Listed below are the scientific processes that you could use as you try to discover
the reliability of your hypothesis.

A. Observing and Collecting Data

   Our understanding of the world around us is based on observations. Observing is
the use of one or more of the five senses to perceive objects or events. For example,
you will use your sense of sight to observe any turbidity changes in your aquarium.

   Scientists also use a variety of tools to aid in making
observations. In these experiments you will be using tools such as a
hydrometer to test fluid density, as well as a variety of water quality
test kits which will be used to monitor such factors as nitrates,
phosphates and dissolved oxygen levels in your tank.

                                                10
While making observations, scientists often collect data.
                   Collecting data is the gathering and recording of specific
                   information based on observations. You will be recording and
                   sharing your aquarium observations with your class mates and
                   students conducting this experiment at other schools.


B. Measuring

              Observations are most useful when they involve quantitative data ---
            data that can be measured in numbers. Measuring is the process of
            determining the dimensions of an object, the number of objects in a
            group, the duration of an event, or other characteristics in precise units.



C. Organizing Data

   Data are of little use unless they are organized. Organizing data involves placing
  observation and measurements in some kind of logical order such as in a graph,
  chart, table, or a map. This is an essential part of the Scientific Process which
  assists in the interpretation of the data.

D. Hypothesizing

  Hypothesizing is the process of formulating testable statements about observable
  phenomena. This is often one of the first steps in a scientific investigation. A
  statement is testable if evidence can be collected that either supports the
  hypothesis or refutes it.

E. Predicting

  To test a hypothesis, a scientist usually makes a prediction that follows from the
  hypothesis. Predicting is stating in advance the results that will be obtained from
  testing a hypothesis. A prediction can take the form of an “if - then” statement.

F. Experimenting

  Some hypotheses or predictions can best be tested
  through careful observations in a natural setting, such
  as a field study. Others can be tested through
  experiments. Experimenting is the process of testing
  a hypothesis or prediction by carrying out data-
  gathering procedures under controlled conditions.

G. Analyzing Data
   After a scientist has collected and organized data from a field study or an
  experiment, the data must be analyzed. Analyzing data is the process of
  determining whether or not the set of data is reliable and whether or not it

                                          11
supports a given prediction or hypothesis. Scientists analyze data in many ways,
  including using statistics, interpreting graphs, determining relationships between
  variables, comparing the data to those obtained from other studies, and
  determining possible sources of experimental error.

H. Inferring
   Inferring is the process of drawing conclusions on the basis of facts or premises
  instead of direct perception. Facts might include data gathered during a field study
  or an experiment. Premises might include conclusions drawn from previous
  knowledge or from past experience.

I. Modeling
    Modeling involves constructing a representation of an object, a system, or a
   process that helps show relationships between data. A model may be visual,
   verbal, or mathematical. A biologist might create a mathematical model to show
   how environmental factors, such as sunlight, temperature, rainfall, and humidity,
   affect the growth of plants in the rain forest. Scientist sometimes uses models to
                              help generate new predictions or hypotheses.

                             J. Communicating
                                 Scientist does not work in isolation. Often they work
                             in groups. In many cases they publish results of their
                             experiments in scientific journals or present them at
                             scientific meetings. Sharing information, or
                             communicating, is essential to progress in science.
                             Communication allows scientists to build on the work of
                             others.



Activity 2.1
Perform the following activities:

A. Go out and look for a place where you can find different kinds of leaves.

          1. Use your senses in observing the leaves of at least f plants.

          2. Record your observations in the table below.

 Leaf           Color               Shape                Texture               Odor
  A
  B
  C
  D
  E


                                          12
Guide Questions:
Answer the questions below using the data you gathered during the investigation.

   1. Which of your senses gave the most information about the leaves?
      _____________________________________________________

   2. Which of your senses helped you the most in distinguishing the leaf samples?
      _________________________________________________________

   3. Your personal observation has limitations. Name several scientific instruments
      that may help you overcome the limitations of your senses whenever you
      make observations.

          a. Sight: _____________________________________________

          b. Smell:_____________________________________________

          c. Taste:_____________________________________________

          d. Touch:_____________________________________________

   4. Is it important that a scientist record his data immediately? Why or why not?
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________


B. Do the following using a thermometer

      Pour 500 mL water in the kettle and heat it for 20 minutes. Record the
      temperature every two minutes using thermometer. Graph the data with the
      temperature on Y-axis and the time interval on the X-axis.
                                             35 40 45 50
            Temperatures in degree Celsius



                                             20 25 30
                                             15
                                             10
                                             5




                                                           5   10   15 20 25 30     35 40 45 50 55 60

                                                                      Time interval in minutes
                                                                                  13
Can you use the graph to know what will be the temperature in the next 20 minutes?
Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________


C. Do the following using five textbooks and a ruler:
   1. Measure the thickness of each textbook in millimeters. Do not include the
       cover.
   2. Count the number of pages in each of the five textbooks.
   3. Record you data in the table below

                                                    Textbook           Thickness                   Pages
                                                       A
                                                       B
                                                       C
                                                       D
                                                       E

   4. Plot the data on the graph.
                                      35 40 45 50
            Thickness in millimeter


                                      20 25 30
                                      15
                                      10
                                      5




                                                       5   10   15 20 25 30    35 40 45 50 55 60

                                                                   Number of Pages



   5. What are the different science processes demonstrated in the activities
      performed?
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________



                                                                              14
Lesson 3 - Making Conclusions and Recommendations

Suppose you see a test tube filled with a clear liquid on top of a table in the
laboratory. It would be extremely dangerous and perhaps fatal to "jump to the
conclusion" that it was water. There are lots of clear liquids that look like water - and
many of them are extremely dangerous. "It is a clear liquid" is an observation, but "It
is water" is not!

                   We could perform physical and chemical tests on the clear liquid
                   from which we might conclude - decide based on observations -
                   that it is water, but the statement "It is water" is a conclusion - not
                   an observation. It is a vital part of science to draw conclusions
                   based on the data gathered from you observations. In every
                   experiment, we collect data (observations), but the goal of the
                   experiment is to reach a conclusion based on the data.

In drawing a conclusion, identify one key source of experimental error that took
place. Explain how it affected the results. For instance, when the wind that passed
by reduced the temperature of reactants and therefore made the reaction slower
than expected.

One of the most important steps in scientific method is choosing a solution to the
original problem. Recommendations for the problem can be made after all the
necessary data have been gathered and analyzed.

Activity 3.1

Perform the following activity:

   1. You are going to heat the aluminum can with an alcohol lamp, but before
      doing so, formulate your hypothesis. Write as many as you can.
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________

   2. Provide the following materials:
       empty aluminum can (soft drinks can)
       soft plastic bag
       rubber band
       alcohol lamp or candle

   3. Assemble the materials:
       Place the soft plastic on the lid of the aluminum can.
       Wrap it around the lid with a rubber tightly.




                                           15
4. Now heat the can for about 2 minutes. Observe what happens. Record your
      observations. (Be careful in heating the can. See to it that the flame will not
      touch the plastic.)

   5. Are all your hypotheses correct?
      ______________________________________

   6. What conclusion can you make out of the experiment you have performed?

       Formulate your conclusion.
       ______________________________________________________________
       ______________________________________________________________
       ______________________________________________________________
       ______________________________________________________________

As you perform this investigation, you will:
    become familiar with the steps of the scientific method
    use the scientific method of thinking how to solve a problem.

Answer the following questions and write your answers on the space provided after
each number.

1. The first step of a scientific method is to identify the problem you wish to solve.
   What is the problem in this activity?
    ___________________________________________________________
    ___________________________________________________________

2. After you identify the problem, it is time to make observations. What do you see?
    ___________________________________________________________
    ___________________________________________________________

3. Next, the data from your observations must be organized. What factors do you
   think play a part in your observations?
    ___________________________________________________________
    ___________________________________________________________

4. Verify your answer or solution by repeating the experiment if you wish to.


Activity 3.2
Try the activity given in the pretest to verify the answers:

Perform the experiment using the same materials, 5 coins of different sizes – 10-
peso, 5-peso; 1-peso and a 25-centavo coin.

Do the following procedure:
    Lay the coins one by one on a table.
    Get a medicine dropper

                                            16
   Fill the medicine with water.
      Drop the water in each coin one at a time.
      Count the number of water drops needed to fill the coins. Stop dropping when
       the water spills over the coin.
      Do the same procedure with the other coins.
      Record the data on the table provided for.


 No. of Trials                         Number of Water Drops

                 10-peso           5 - peso         1-peso               25-centavo

1
2
3
Average


Answer the following questions.

1. What is the problem in this activity?
   _________________________________________________________________
   _________________________________________________________________

2. Formulate your hypothesis. (List down as many as possible. )
   _________________________________________________________________
   _________________________________________________________________

3. Analyze your results. Which coin holds the greatest number of water drops?
   a. a 10-peso coin
   b. a 5-peso coin
   c. a 1-peso coin
   d. a 25 centavo coin

4. What factor do you think has something to do with the differences in the number of
   water drops a coin can hold?
   a. distance of medicine dropper from the coin
   b. sizes of the coins
   c. diameter of the dropper
   d. all of the above

5. Which of the following can you identify as the responding variable?
   a. number of water drops
   b. size of the coin
   c. diameter of the dropper
   d. kind of medicine dropper

6. Where should you base your conclusion or generalization?
   a. gathered data
   b. results of experiment performed

                                         17
c. direct observations
  d. what others say about it.

After firming up your understanding of the scientific method, you have to deepen
your understanding by doing the following activities.




                    DEEPEN Your Understanding



Here, you shall be engaged in understanding scientific knowledge which includes the
processing and making meanings out of the information. You need to reflect, revisit,
revise and rethink your ideas; express your understandings and engage in
meaningful self-evaluation; and undergo in-depth exploration of scientific methods
using multiple sources of information and various modalities of manifestations of
learning.

   1. Write an essay on how scientific processes and scientific methods helped you
      in solving a particular problem that you encountered in your life.

   2. What would you like to be in the future? How would your understanding of
      scientific processes and scientific methods help you in your future career?

   3. Name three basic problems in your locality. Think of possible solutions to
      these problems applying your knowledge in scientific processes and scientific
      method.

             Problems of               Procedures in Solving the Problem
               Locality
        1.




        2.




        3.




                                         18
Note: For more reliable data, interview at least 20 adult individuals in your
community and ask what the main problems in your community are. Gather the
necessary data and identify the top three problems of the locality.

   4. Explain how scientific knowledge is acquired and validated.
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________


   5. When do scientific methods become valuable?
      ______________________________________________________________
      ______________________________________________________________
      _____________________________________________________________

Summative Test

A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

   1. In what step of the Scientific Method do you ask a question?
          a. Conclusion
          b. Problem
          c. Hypothesis
          d. Information

   2. In what step of the Scientific Method do you go to the library or ask an expert?
          a. Conclusion
          b. Hypothesis
          c. Problem
          d. Information

   3. The possible answer to the problem.
         a. Hypothesis
         b. Conclusion
         c. Data
         d. Experiment

   4. The actual answer to the problem.
         a. Hypothesis
         b. Data
         c. Conclusion
         d. Information

   5. The variable that you change in the experiment. Also called the manipulated
      variable.
          a. Controlled
          b. Dependent
          c. Independent
          d. Responding


                                          19
6. The variable that changes because you changed the other variable. Also
      called the responding variable.
          a. Dependent
          b. Independent
          c. Controlled
          d. Manipulated

   7. The group in the experiment that does not get the variable is called the
       ___________ group.
          a. Dependent
          b. Control
          c. Independent
          d. Responding
   8. The variables in the experiment that do not change are called the
       __________ variables.
          a. Controlled
          b. Independent
          c. Dependent
          d. Manipulated
   9. Recorded observations and measurements.
          a. Information
          b. Conclusion
          c. Hypothesis
          d. Data
   10. The conclusion is based on the results of the _____________.
          a. Information
          b. Hypothesis
          c. Experiment
          d. Problem



B. Read the article and answer the questions below.

Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) was a Swedish Ethologist (animal behaviorist) famous
for studying animals in their native habitats. One of his classic experiments involved
a bird called the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus). Black-headed gulls build nests
of twigs on the ground and lay light brown eggs that are covered with dark brown
spots. However, the inside of the egg is white in color. Tinbergen noticed that adult
gulls pick up the eggshells shortly after a chick has hatched, and fly them to a
location far from the nest, where they are left. Since this behavior required
expending energy and time that could have been spent feeding and protecting the
chicks, Tinbergen wanted to know why the birds did this.

Problem: Why do black-headed gulls remove eggshells from the nest?

Hypothesis: The white interior of the shell is not camouflaged and attracts predators
             to the nest. Therefore, the gulls remove the shells to decrease
             predation.


                                         20
Test: Tinbergen and his co-workers collected gull eggs and painted 69 of them white
      and left 68 of them with their natural color. (Statistically, these numbers are
      close enough to be considered equal.) The researchers then scattered the
      eggs next to a gull breeding area and observed from a nearby blind. Predation
      rates were recorded for white versus natural colored eggs.

Data
                      Original      Eggs Taken by        Eggs Not
                     Number of        Predators           Taken
                       Eggs
 White Eggs             69                 43                  26
 Natural Eggs           68                 13                  55


       a. Do the results of this experiment support the hypothesis? Why or why not?

       b. If you were working with Tinbergen, what would you suggest be done next?

       c. Identify the experimental and dependent variables.

Now that you have gained a better understanding of scientific processes and
methods, you are now ready for the next level- transferring what you have learned.




                         TRANSFER Your Understanding


                        This part will let you transfer your learning in new settings
and use this creatively to generate new ideas, view things differently and reengineer
processes. You shall be involved in designing, constructing, planning, producing
new knowledge and/or inventing products which can contribute to the protection of
the environment and sustainable use of resources.


Using your data from Activity 1 # 3 from DEEPEN Your Understanding, prepare a
presentation that would let you discuss your proposed solutions to the top three
problems in your locality. With your teacher’s approval, you may make a
presentation to the following groups:

       Sanguniaang Kabataan officers
       Barangay officials
       Group of students

Your presentation should be based on the following criteria:

   1. Community-based
   2. Application of Scientific Method
                                           21
Congratulations!

You have finished module # 1. And you are now ready to proceed to the next
                                module.




                                   22
Answer key:

Pre-Assessment                        Summative Test
   1. D                                 1. B
   2. B                                 2. D
   3. B                                 3. A
   4. C                                 4. C
   5. B                                 5. C
   6. Interpretation                    6. A
   7. Observation                       7. B
   8. Generalization                    8. A
   9. Hypothesizing                     9. D
   10. Identifying the problem          10. C




References/ Weblinks

http://www.sciencebuddies.org
http://www.clcillinois.edu
http://www.clipartguide.com




                                 23

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Ohsm science1 q1 m1

  • 1. INTEGRATED SCIENCE I Quarter 1 The Scientific Method and Matter Module 1 The Scientific Method You will study the following topics in this module: Lesson 1 - Formulating a Research Problem and Hypothesis Lesson 2 - Planning the Investigation, Experimentation and Data Analysis Lesson 3 - Making Conclusions and Recommendations EXPLORE Your Understanding In this phase, you will be given an overview of the scientific method. Your understanding of basic and integrated science processes gained from elementary science will also be assessed. Pre-Assessment A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet. 1. How is a hypothesis tested? a. by using the hypothesis to make predictions about a system. b. by comparing observations in nature with predictions c. by conducting an experiment and looking for results d. All of the above 2. Which of the following statements would be true of the scientific method? a. People structure their lives on the principle of scientific method. b. The scientific method is a continuous process by which people learn about his world. c. Scientists report the experimental results, but not the experimental design. d. When the results of the experiment do not fit the hypothesis, a scientist may discard the results and stop the experiment. 1
  • 2. 3. Suppose your mother sent you to the market to buy fruits and vegetables. How would you choose good quality fruits and vegetables? a. Ask the vendor to choose it for you. b. Examine the fruit if it is free from insect bites and the smell of insecticide. c. Just get any kind and pay right away. d. Tell your mother that you do not know how to buy good quality fruits and vegetables. 4. When scientists wish to communicate the results of their research, they are most likely to do which of the following? a. immediately repeat the research b. call a press conference c. write a concise report with complete results and proofs to the experiments performed and formulate conclusions d. sell their findings to other researchers 5. During an experiment about a coin and feather that were dropped at the same time, it was found that the coin reached the ground first. One student said: “Maybe, the coin is heavier than the feather.” What do you call this kind of statement? a. a problem b. a hypothesis c. an interpretation d. a conclusion B. Identification. For Numbers 6 – 10, identify what science processes are revealed in the following statements: Write your answer on the space provided after the number. communicating inferring interpretation experimenting hypothesizing observation generalization identifying the problem 6. A girl is standing in an open field. There is no shadow formed because it is 12 noon. ____________________ 7. Blue litmus paper turned red when it was dipped into an unknown liquid. ____________________ 8. The liquid in the test tube is an acid. ____________________ 9. The laptop computer is not functioning anymore. Maybe the battery got discharged. ___________________. 10. A nail turned rusty. What made it that way? ________________ 2
  • 3. C. Directions: Read the following story, and then follow the directions below. A science student conducted a study of the ability of vertebrate blood to carry oxygen. He believed that a low environmental temperature would cause the organism's blood to carry less oxygen than blood at a higher temperature. The following reflects the student’s experiment and the data he collected.  Two tanks of salt water, each containing 25 gallons, were set up in the lab.  Each tank was filled with the same types of organisms (perch and salmon).  The same type of aerators was added to each tank to supply dissolved oxygen to the fish.  To one of the tanks, marked TANK A, the temperature was decreased at increments of 5 degrees C every 20 minutes.  The second tank, marked TANK B, the temperature was raised at increments of 5 degrees C every 20 minutes.  Blood was removed from each of the fish and measured for its oxygen content.  Below are the results from the above experiment Amount of Dissolved Amount of Dissolved Temperature Temperature Oxygen found in fish in Oxygen found in fish in in 0C in 0C Tank A (ppm) Tank B (ppm) 25 35 25 35 20 30 30 32 15 23 35 39 10 12 40 35 5 8 45 20 1. What is the hypothesis of the above experiment? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Is the above experiment a controlled experiment? Explain your answer. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the variable factor in the above experiment? __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3
  • 4. 4. Graph the data above and then answer the questions that follow. Table 1 35 40 45 50 Temperatures in degree Celsius 20 25 30 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Amount of Dissolved Oxygen found in fish in Tank A -ppm Table 2 35 40 45 50 Temperatures in degree Celsius 20 25 30 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Amount of Dissolved Oxygen found in fish in Tank B -ppm 5. What is the dependent variable? ____________________________________ 6. What is the independent variable? ____________________________________ 7. Based on the above data, is the scientist’s hypothesis correct? Explain. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4
  • 5. 8. What are the controls used in the above experiment? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ KWL Chart Before you begin with the next part of this module, fill in the first two columns. Fill in the last column after completing the module. Matter What I know What I want to know What I learned You have just finished the first phase of this module. As you proceed to the next activities, think of a product output that will enable you to show your understanding of the scientific method. This product will be presented in the last part of this module which will be assessed based on the following criteria: a) Community-based b) Application of Scientific Method As you proceed with the rest of the activities, always have this question in your mind, “When do scientific methods become valuable”. Your understanding of the scientific method will be increased as you study the lessons and perform the activities in the FIRM UP phase. 5
  • 6. FIRM UP Your Understanding In this phase, varied learning experiences shall be introduced to help you understand scientific methods and equip you with skills and knowledge for you to be successful throughout the topic. This involves acquiring scientific knowledge using scientific methods and processes. This also involves understanding or making meanings out of the scientific knowledge obtained. Scientific Method: An Overview The scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudgment in the experimenter. It results from personal beliefs, as well as cultural beliefs, which means any human filters information based on his or her own experience. Unfortunately, this filtering process can cause a scientist to prefer one outcome over another. For someone trying to solve a problem around the house, succumbing to these kinds of biases is not such a big deal. But in the scientific community, where results have to be reviewed and duplicated, bias must be avoided at all costs. That's the job of the scientific method. It provides an objective, standardized approach to conducting experiments and, in doing so, improves their results. By using a standardized approach in their investigations, scientists can feel confident that they will stick to the facts and limit the influence of personal, preconceived notions. The illustration below shows the cyclic presentation of basic procedures of scientific method. As you go on further with the lesson, you will be able to understand each step clearly as you do the given activities in each lesson. 6
  • 7. The scientific method requires observations of nature to formulate and test hypotheses through experimentation. The record data from the experiment will determine the correctness of your hypothesis. Further observation and experimentation are needed if the hypothesis is incorrect. Lesson 1 - Formulating Research Problem and Hypothesis Problem solving is an important survival skill for people of all ages. Early human beings were forced to problem solve to ensure the evolution of humanity. This problem solving skill has helped people produce all the conveniences and comforts in life. These include the rapid improvements in our communication, transportation, medicine, and many more. But nowadays, we are given fewer and fewer opportunities to problem solve for ourselves because as a society we have grown accustomed to fixing other people's problems. Assisting others is admirable, but not at the expense of that person's well being. We still need to develop skills that would enable us to investigate phenomena and acquire new knowledge, as well as correcting and integrating previous knowledge In this lesson, you will learn the scientists’ recommended step by step procedure of identifying and solving problems. You will solve problems, think critically, analyze data, find answers, and formulate research problems or questions. After having thoroughly researched your question, you should have some educated guess about how things work. This educated guess about the answer to your question is called the hypothesis. The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be tested in your experiment. Do this by expressing the hypothesis using your independent variable (the variable you change during your experiment) and your dependent variable (the variable you observe- changes in the dependent variable depend on changes in the independent variable). In fact, many hypotheses are stated exactly like this: "If a particular independent variable is changed, then there is also a change in a certain dependent variable."  "If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the independent variable], then it will increase the flow of water [flow of water is the dependent variable].  "Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature is the independent variable] will increase the amount of sugar that dissolves [the amount of sugar is the dependent variable]."  "If a plant receives fertilizer [having fertilizer is the independent variable], then it will grow to be bigger than a 7
  • 8. plant that does not receive fertilizer [plant size is the dependent variable]."  "If I put fenders on a bicycle [having fenders is the independent variable], then they will keep the rider dry when riding through puddles [the dependent variable is how much water splashes on the rider]." Notice that in each of the examples it will be easy to measure the independent variables. This is another important characteristic of a good hypothesis. If we can readily measure the variables in the hypothesis, then we say that the hypothesis is testable. Not every question can be answered by the scientific method. The hypothesis is the key. If you can state your question as a testable hypothesis, then you can use the scientific method to obtain an answer. Activity 1.1 Directions: Interview at least 20 adult individuals who have children in your locality and ask the question listed below. What is the most common ailment of children in your Check the age Total community? bracket 0-3 4-6 7- 10- 9 11 a. Athletes foot b. Boils c. Chicken pox d. Cold e. Constipation f. Cough g. Diarrhea h. Fever i. Measles j. Mump k. Worm l. Other / pls. specify Guide Questions 1. What is the most common ailment in your locality? ____________________________________________________________ 2. What particular age bracket of the children mostly suffers from this ailment? 3. State the major health problem of the children in your locality? ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 8
  • 9. 4. Write you hypothesis. ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Activity 1.2 Identify the problem in the picture below and make your own hypothesis. Problem: ________________________________________________________ Hypothesis: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Problem: ______________________________________________________ Hypothesis: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Problem: _______________________________________________________ Hypothesis: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Problem:________________________________________________ Hypothesis:_________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 9
  • 10. Lesson 2 - Planning Investigation, Experimentation and Data Analysis After identifying and formulating the problem, you have to think carefully about the plan of the research that would test your hypothesis. In this process, you should consider the options you have about different ways in which the research topic can be investigated, that is a research design. You should try to choose a design that will give most definitive answers about the research topic. But you have to weigh this against the possibility of doing the study. You have to consider, among other things, your own capabilities, the availability of material or subjects for the research, and the availability of resources. After deciding on a research design that is appropriate to deal with the research topic and that is achievable, you have to look again at the broad research topic, define and refine it. For many studies, this will involve generating a research hypothesis that can be tested through experimentation. Experimentation is the step in the scientific method that helps people decide between two or more competing explanations – or hypotheses. These hypotheses suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon, or predict the results of an action. An example might be the hypothesis that "if I let go of this ball, it will fall to the floor": this suggestion can then be tested by carrying out the experiment of letting go of the ball, and observing the results. Once hypotheses are defined, an experiment can be carried out - and the results analyzed - in order to confirm, refute, or define the accuracy of the hypotheses. Listed below are the scientific processes that you could use as you try to discover the reliability of your hypothesis. A. Observing and Collecting Data Our understanding of the world around us is based on observations. Observing is the use of one or more of the five senses to perceive objects or events. For example, you will use your sense of sight to observe any turbidity changes in your aquarium. Scientists also use a variety of tools to aid in making observations. In these experiments you will be using tools such as a hydrometer to test fluid density, as well as a variety of water quality test kits which will be used to monitor such factors as nitrates, phosphates and dissolved oxygen levels in your tank. 10
  • 11. While making observations, scientists often collect data. Collecting data is the gathering and recording of specific information based on observations. You will be recording and sharing your aquarium observations with your class mates and students conducting this experiment at other schools. B. Measuring Observations are most useful when they involve quantitative data --- data that can be measured in numbers. Measuring is the process of determining the dimensions of an object, the number of objects in a group, the duration of an event, or other characteristics in precise units. C. Organizing Data Data are of little use unless they are organized. Organizing data involves placing observation and measurements in some kind of logical order such as in a graph, chart, table, or a map. This is an essential part of the Scientific Process which assists in the interpretation of the data. D. Hypothesizing Hypothesizing is the process of formulating testable statements about observable phenomena. This is often one of the first steps in a scientific investigation. A statement is testable if evidence can be collected that either supports the hypothesis or refutes it. E. Predicting To test a hypothesis, a scientist usually makes a prediction that follows from the hypothesis. Predicting is stating in advance the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis. A prediction can take the form of an “if - then” statement. F. Experimenting Some hypotheses or predictions can best be tested through careful observations in a natural setting, such as a field study. Others can be tested through experiments. Experimenting is the process of testing a hypothesis or prediction by carrying out data- gathering procedures under controlled conditions. G. Analyzing Data After a scientist has collected and organized data from a field study or an experiment, the data must be analyzed. Analyzing data is the process of determining whether or not the set of data is reliable and whether or not it 11
  • 12. supports a given prediction or hypothesis. Scientists analyze data in many ways, including using statistics, interpreting graphs, determining relationships between variables, comparing the data to those obtained from other studies, and determining possible sources of experimental error. H. Inferring Inferring is the process of drawing conclusions on the basis of facts or premises instead of direct perception. Facts might include data gathered during a field study or an experiment. Premises might include conclusions drawn from previous knowledge or from past experience. I. Modeling Modeling involves constructing a representation of an object, a system, or a process that helps show relationships between data. A model may be visual, verbal, or mathematical. A biologist might create a mathematical model to show how environmental factors, such as sunlight, temperature, rainfall, and humidity, affect the growth of plants in the rain forest. Scientist sometimes uses models to help generate new predictions or hypotheses. J. Communicating Scientist does not work in isolation. Often they work in groups. In many cases they publish results of their experiments in scientific journals or present them at scientific meetings. Sharing information, or communicating, is essential to progress in science. Communication allows scientists to build on the work of others. Activity 2.1 Perform the following activities: A. Go out and look for a place where you can find different kinds of leaves. 1. Use your senses in observing the leaves of at least f plants. 2. Record your observations in the table below. Leaf Color Shape Texture Odor A B C D E 12
  • 13. Guide Questions: Answer the questions below using the data you gathered during the investigation. 1. Which of your senses gave the most information about the leaves? _____________________________________________________ 2. Which of your senses helped you the most in distinguishing the leaf samples? _________________________________________________________ 3. Your personal observation has limitations. Name several scientific instruments that may help you overcome the limitations of your senses whenever you make observations. a. Sight: _____________________________________________ b. Smell:_____________________________________________ c. Taste:_____________________________________________ d. Touch:_____________________________________________ 4. Is it important that a scientist record his data immediately? Why or why not? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ B. Do the following using a thermometer Pour 500 mL water in the kettle and heat it for 20 minutes. Record the temperature every two minutes using thermometer. Graph the data with the temperature on Y-axis and the time interval on the X-axis. 35 40 45 50 Temperatures in degree Celsius 20 25 30 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Time interval in minutes 13
  • 14. Can you use the graph to know what will be the temperature in the next 20 minutes? Why or why not? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ C. Do the following using five textbooks and a ruler: 1. Measure the thickness of each textbook in millimeters. Do not include the cover. 2. Count the number of pages in each of the five textbooks. 3. Record you data in the table below Textbook Thickness Pages A B C D E 4. Plot the data on the graph. 35 40 45 50 Thickness in millimeter 20 25 30 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Number of Pages 5. What are the different science processes demonstrated in the activities performed? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 14
  • 15. Lesson 3 - Making Conclusions and Recommendations Suppose you see a test tube filled with a clear liquid on top of a table in the laboratory. It would be extremely dangerous and perhaps fatal to "jump to the conclusion" that it was water. There are lots of clear liquids that look like water - and many of them are extremely dangerous. "It is a clear liquid" is an observation, but "It is water" is not! We could perform physical and chemical tests on the clear liquid from which we might conclude - decide based on observations - that it is water, but the statement "It is water" is a conclusion - not an observation. It is a vital part of science to draw conclusions based on the data gathered from you observations. In every experiment, we collect data (observations), but the goal of the experiment is to reach a conclusion based on the data. In drawing a conclusion, identify one key source of experimental error that took place. Explain how it affected the results. For instance, when the wind that passed by reduced the temperature of reactants and therefore made the reaction slower than expected. One of the most important steps in scientific method is choosing a solution to the original problem. Recommendations for the problem can be made after all the necessary data have been gathered and analyzed. Activity 3.1 Perform the following activity: 1. You are going to heat the aluminum can with an alcohol lamp, but before doing so, formulate your hypothesis. Write as many as you can. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Provide the following materials:  empty aluminum can (soft drinks can)  soft plastic bag  rubber band  alcohol lamp or candle 3. Assemble the materials:  Place the soft plastic on the lid of the aluminum can.  Wrap it around the lid with a rubber tightly. 15
  • 16. 4. Now heat the can for about 2 minutes. Observe what happens. Record your observations. (Be careful in heating the can. See to it that the flame will not touch the plastic.) 5. Are all your hypotheses correct? ______________________________________ 6. What conclusion can you make out of the experiment you have performed? Formulate your conclusion. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ As you perform this investigation, you will:  become familiar with the steps of the scientific method  use the scientific method of thinking how to solve a problem. Answer the following questions and write your answers on the space provided after each number. 1. The first step of a scientific method is to identify the problem you wish to solve. What is the problem in this activity? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. After you identify the problem, it is time to make observations. What do you see? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. Next, the data from your observations must be organized. What factors do you think play a part in your observations? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4. Verify your answer or solution by repeating the experiment if you wish to. Activity 3.2 Try the activity given in the pretest to verify the answers: Perform the experiment using the same materials, 5 coins of different sizes – 10- peso, 5-peso; 1-peso and a 25-centavo coin. Do the following procedure:  Lay the coins one by one on a table.  Get a medicine dropper 16
  • 17. Fill the medicine with water.  Drop the water in each coin one at a time.  Count the number of water drops needed to fill the coins. Stop dropping when the water spills over the coin.  Do the same procedure with the other coins.  Record the data on the table provided for. No. of Trials Number of Water Drops 10-peso 5 - peso 1-peso 25-centavo 1 2 3 Average Answer the following questions. 1. What is the problem in this activity? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. Formulate your hypothesis. (List down as many as possible. ) _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. Analyze your results. Which coin holds the greatest number of water drops? a. a 10-peso coin b. a 5-peso coin c. a 1-peso coin d. a 25 centavo coin 4. What factor do you think has something to do with the differences in the number of water drops a coin can hold? a. distance of medicine dropper from the coin b. sizes of the coins c. diameter of the dropper d. all of the above 5. Which of the following can you identify as the responding variable? a. number of water drops b. size of the coin c. diameter of the dropper d. kind of medicine dropper 6. Where should you base your conclusion or generalization? a. gathered data b. results of experiment performed 17
  • 18. c. direct observations d. what others say about it. After firming up your understanding of the scientific method, you have to deepen your understanding by doing the following activities. DEEPEN Your Understanding Here, you shall be engaged in understanding scientific knowledge which includes the processing and making meanings out of the information. You need to reflect, revisit, revise and rethink your ideas; express your understandings and engage in meaningful self-evaluation; and undergo in-depth exploration of scientific methods using multiple sources of information and various modalities of manifestations of learning. 1. Write an essay on how scientific processes and scientific methods helped you in solving a particular problem that you encountered in your life. 2. What would you like to be in the future? How would your understanding of scientific processes and scientific methods help you in your future career? 3. Name three basic problems in your locality. Think of possible solutions to these problems applying your knowledge in scientific processes and scientific method. Problems of Procedures in Solving the Problem Locality 1. 2. 3. 18
  • 19. Note: For more reliable data, interview at least 20 adult individuals in your community and ask what the main problems in your community are. Gather the necessary data and identify the top three problems of the locality. 4. Explain how scientific knowledge is acquired and validated. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. When do scientific methods become valuable? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Summative Test A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. In what step of the Scientific Method do you ask a question? a. Conclusion b. Problem c. Hypothesis d. Information 2. In what step of the Scientific Method do you go to the library or ask an expert? a. Conclusion b. Hypothesis c. Problem d. Information 3. The possible answer to the problem. a. Hypothesis b. Conclusion c. Data d. Experiment 4. The actual answer to the problem. a. Hypothesis b. Data c. Conclusion d. Information 5. The variable that you change in the experiment. Also called the manipulated variable. a. Controlled b. Dependent c. Independent d. Responding 19
  • 20. 6. The variable that changes because you changed the other variable. Also called the responding variable. a. Dependent b. Independent c. Controlled d. Manipulated 7. The group in the experiment that does not get the variable is called the ___________ group. a. Dependent b. Control c. Independent d. Responding 8. The variables in the experiment that do not change are called the __________ variables. a. Controlled b. Independent c. Dependent d. Manipulated 9. Recorded observations and measurements. a. Information b. Conclusion c. Hypothesis d. Data 10. The conclusion is based on the results of the _____________. a. Information b. Hypothesis c. Experiment d. Problem B. Read the article and answer the questions below. Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) was a Swedish Ethologist (animal behaviorist) famous for studying animals in their native habitats. One of his classic experiments involved a bird called the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus). Black-headed gulls build nests of twigs on the ground and lay light brown eggs that are covered with dark brown spots. However, the inside of the egg is white in color. Tinbergen noticed that adult gulls pick up the eggshells shortly after a chick has hatched, and fly them to a location far from the nest, where they are left. Since this behavior required expending energy and time that could have been spent feeding and protecting the chicks, Tinbergen wanted to know why the birds did this. Problem: Why do black-headed gulls remove eggshells from the nest? Hypothesis: The white interior of the shell is not camouflaged and attracts predators to the nest. Therefore, the gulls remove the shells to decrease predation. 20
  • 21. Test: Tinbergen and his co-workers collected gull eggs and painted 69 of them white and left 68 of them with their natural color. (Statistically, these numbers are close enough to be considered equal.) The researchers then scattered the eggs next to a gull breeding area and observed from a nearby blind. Predation rates were recorded for white versus natural colored eggs. Data Original Eggs Taken by Eggs Not Number of Predators Taken Eggs White Eggs 69 43 26 Natural Eggs 68 13 55 a. Do the results of this experiment support the hypothesis? Why or why not? b. If you were working with Tinbergen, what would you suggest be done next? c. Identify the experimental and dependent variables. Now that you have gained a better understanding of scientific processes and methods, you are now ready for the next level- transferring what you have learned. TRANSFER Your Understanding This part will let you transfer your learning in new settings and use this creatively to generate new ideas, view things differently and reengineer processes. You shall be involved in designing, constructing, planning, producing new knowledge and/or inventing products which can contribute to the protection of the environment and sustainable use of resources. Using your data from Activity 1 # 3 from DEEPEN Your Understanding, prepare a presentation that would let you discuss your proposed solutions to the top three problems in your locality. With your teacher’s approval, you may make a presentation to the following groups:  Sanguniaang Kabataan officers  Barangay officials  Group of students Your presentation should be based on the following criteria: 1. Community-based 2. Application of Scientific Method 21
  • 22. Congratulations! You have finished module # 1. And you are now ready to proceed to the next module. 22
  • 23. Answer key: Pre-Assessment Summative Test 1. D 1. B 2. B 2. D 3. B 3. A 4. C 4. C 5. B 5. C 6. Interpretation 6. A 7. Observation 7. B 8. Generalization 8. A 9. Hypothesizing 9. D 10. Identifying the problem 10. C References/ Weblinks http://www.sciencebuddies.org http://www.clcillinois.edu http://www.clipartguide.com 23