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HydraulicsHydraulics
hy·drau·lics [hy·drau·lics [h drólliksh drólliks ]] nounnoun
study of fluids:  the study of water orstudy of fluids:  the study of water or
other fluids at rest or in motion,other fluids at rest or in motion,
especially with respect to engineeringespecially with respect to engineering
applicationsapplications
ObjectivesObjectives
• Behavior of liquids & theory of operation
• Basic hydraulic system components
• Advantages & disadvantages of hydraulics
• Electrohydraulic systems including speed
gears & steering gears
Introduction/UsesIntroduction/Uses
• Hydraulics used in many applications:
• Steering/control systems (rudder, planes)
• Deck machinery (anchor windlass, capstans,
winches)
• Masts & antennae on submarines
• Weapons systems (loading & launching)
• Other: elevators, presses
Hydraulic TheoryHydraulic Theory
• Hydraulics
• Covers the physical behavior of liquids in
motion
• Pressurized oil used to gain mechanical
advantage and perform work
• Important Properties
• Shapelessness
• Incompressibility
• Transmission of Force
Important PropertiesImportant Properties
• ““Shapelessness”Shapelessness”
• Liquids have no neutral form
• Conform to shape of container
• Easily transferred through piping from one location to
another
•
IncompressibilityIncompressibility
• Liquids are essentially incompressible
• Once force is removed, liquid returns to original
volume (no permanent distortion)
•
Transmission of ForceTransmission of Force
• Force is transmitted equally & undiminished
in every direction -> vessel filled with pressure
Hydraulic TheoryHydraulic Theory
• Pascal’s Law
• Magnitude of force transferred is in direct
proportion to the surface area (F = P*A)
• Pressure = Force/AreaPressure = Force/Area
• Liquid properties enable large objects
(rudder, planes, etc) to be moved smoothly
Hydraulic Mechanical AdvantageHydraulic Mechanical Advantage
F2 =
F1 = 20 lbf
A1 = 2 in2
A1 = 20 in2
Basic Hydraulic SystemBasic Hydraulic System
• Hydraulic Fluid
• Usually oil (2190 TEP)
• Pressure Source
• Hydraulic pump (A-end of system)
• Pressure user
• Hydraulic motor (B-end of system)
• Piping system (w/ valves, tanks, etc)
• Get fluid from A-end to B-end
Hydraulic Pump (A-End)Hydraulic Pump (A-End)
• Pumps can be positive displacement or
centrifugal
•Waterbury pump
•Variable-stroke piston pump
•Tilting box can tilt fwd/aft
while pump rotates
•Angle of tilting box determines
capacity and direction of oil flow
Hydraulic Pump (A-End)Hydraulic Pump (A-End)
•Variable-stroke piston pump
•Tilting box can tilt fwd/aft while pump rotates
•Angle of tilting box determines capacity and dir. of flow
Cylinder/Motor (B-end)Cylinder/Motor (B-end)
• Piston/cylinder used if desired motion is
linear
• Hydraulic pressure moves piston & ram
• Load is connected to ram (rudder, planes,
masts, periscopes)
PistonPiston CylinderCylinder
RAMRAM
Hydraulic Fluid Supply/Return PortsHydraulic Fluid Supply/Return Ports
SealSeal
Cylinder/Motor (B-end)Cylinder/Motor (B-end)
• Motor used if desired
motion is rotary
• Essentially a variable-
stroke pump in reverse
• Used for capstan,
anchor windlass, etc
Piping SystemPiping System
• Has to withstand excessive pressure
• Valves, filters, & HX’s all necessary
• Accumulators
• Holds system under pressure (w/out contin. pump)
• Provides hydraulics when pump off/lost
• Compensates for leakage/makeup volume
• Types: piston, bladder, & direct contact
Accumulator TypesAccumulator Types
• Piston
• Most common
• Bladder
• Gun mounts
• Steering
systems
• Direct contact
• Least common
AdvantagesAdvantages
•
Convenient power transferConvenient power transfer
• Few moving parts
• Low losses over long distances
• Little wear
•
FlexibilityFlexibility
• Distribute force in multiple directions
• Safe and reliable for many uses
• Can be stored under pressure for long periods
•
Variable speed controlVariable speed control
• Quick response (linear and rotary)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
• Requires positive confinement (to give
shape)
•
Fire/explosive hazard if leaks or rupturesFire/explosive hazard if leaks or ruptures
• Filtration critical - must be free of debris
• Manpower intensive to clean up
Electrohydraulic Drive SystemElectrohydraulic Drive System
• Uses hydraulics to transfer power from electric
motor to load
• Rotary: Waterbury pump connected to rotary
piston hydraulic motor (speed gear)
• Tilting box of A-end controls direction/speed of B-end
• Adv: high starting torque, reversibility, high power-to-
weight ratio
• ex: Electrohydraulic Speed Gear or Steering Gear
• capstan, anchor windlass, cranes, elevator, ammo hoist
Electrohydraulic Speed GearElectrohydraulic Speed Gear
Electrohydraulic Steering GearElectrohydraulic Steering Gear
• Same as speed gear except B-end is a
hydraulic cylinder to produce linear motion
• Waterbury pumps connected by piping to
hydraulic ram cylinder
• Various methods for connecting rams to tillers
• Two pumps for redundancy & reliability
• Movement of steering wheel through hydraulic
system moves rudder
Electrohydraulic Steering GearElectrohydraulic Steering Gear
Control of SystemControl of System
• Remote control
• Normal method
• Control from bridge
• Emergency
• Take local control
• Manually position control surface/rudder
hydraulics introduction

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hydraulics introduction

  • 1. HydraulicsHydraulics hy·drau·lics [hy·drau·lics [h drólliksh drólliks ]] nounnoun study of fluids:  the study of water orstudy of fluids:  the study of water or other fluids at rest or in motion,other fluids at rest or in motion, especially with respect to engineeringespecially with respect to engineering applicationsapplications
  • 2. ObjectivesObjectives • Behavior of liquids & theory of operation • Basic hydraulic system components • Advantages & disadvantages of hydraulics • Electrohydraulic systems including speed gears & steering gears
  • 3. Introduction/UsesIntroduction/Uses • Hydraulics used in many applications: • Steering/control systems (rudder, planes) • Deck machinery (anchor windlass, capstans, winches) • Masts & antennae on submarines • Weapons systems (loading & launching) • Other: elevators, presses
  • 4. Hydraulic TheoryHydraulic Theory • Hydraulics • Covers the physical behavior of liquids in motion • Pressurized oil used to gain mechanical advantage and perform work • Important Properties • Shapelessness • Incompressibility • Transmission of Force
  • 5. Important PropertiesImportant Properties • ““Shapelessness”Shapelessness” • Liquids have no neutral form • Conform to shape of container • Easily transferred through piping from one location to another • IncompressibilityIncompressibility • Liquids are essentially incompressible • Once force is removed, liquid returns to original volume (no permanent distortion) • Transmission of ForceTransmission of Force • Force is transmitted equally & undiminished in every direction -> vessel filled with pressure
  • 6. Hydraulic TheoryHydraulic Theory • Pascal’s Law • Magnitude of force transferred is in direct proportion to the surface area (F = P*A) • Pressure = Force/AreaPressure = Force/Area • Liquid properties enable large objects (rudder, planes, etc) to be moved smoothly
  • 7. Hydraulic Mechanical AdvantageHydraulic Mechanical Advantage F2 = F1 = 20 lbf A1 = 2 in2 A1 = 20 in2
  • 8. Basic Hydraulic SystemBasic Hydraulic System • Hydraulic Fluid • Usually oil (2190 TEP) • Pressure Source • Hydraulic pump (A-end of system) • Pressure user • Hydraulic motor (B-end of system) • Piping system (w/ valves, tanks, etc) • Get fluid from A-end to B-end
  • 9. Hydraulic Pump (A-End)Hydraulic Pump (A-End) • Pumps can be positive displacement or centrifugal •Waterbury pump •Variable-stroke piston pump •Tilting box can tilt fwd/aft while pump rotates •Angle of tilting box determines capacity and direction of oil flow
  • 10. Hydraulic Pump (A-End)Hydraulic Pump (A-End) •Variable-stroke piston pump •Tilting box can tilt fwd/aft while pump rotates •Angle of tilting box determines capacity and dir. of flow
  • 11. Cylinder/Motor (B-end)Cylinder/Motor (B-end) • Piston/cylinder used if desired motion is linear • Hydraulic pressure moves piston & ram • Load is connected to ram (rudder, planes, masts, periscopes) PistonPiston CylinderCylinder RAMRAM Hydraulic Fluid Supply/Return PortsHydraulic Fluid Supply/Return Ports SealSeal
  • 12. Cylinder/Motor (B-end)Cylinder/Motor (B-end) • Motor used if desired motion is rotary • Essentially a variable- stroke pump in reverse • Used for capstan, anchor windlass, etc
  • 13. Piping SystemPiping System • Has to withstand excessive pressure • Valves, filters, & HX’s all necessary • Accumulators • Holds system under pressure (w/out contin. pump) • Provides hydraulics when pump off/lost • Compensates for leakage/makeup volume • Types: piston, bladder, & direct contact
  • 14. Accumulator TypesAccumulator Types • Piston • Most common • Bladder • Gun mounts • Steering systems • Direct contact • Least common
  • 15. AdvantagesAdvantages • Convenient power transferConvenient power transfer • Few moving parts • Low losses over long distances • Little wear • FlexibilityFlexibility • Distribute force in multiple directions • Safe and reliable for many uses • Can be stored under pressure for long periods • Variable speed controlVariable speed control • Quick response (linear and rotary)
  • 16. DisadvantagesDisadvantages • Requires positive confinement (to give shape) • Fire/explosive hazard if leaks or rupturesFire/explosive hazard if leaks or ruptures • Filtration critical - must be free of debris • Manpower intensive to clean up
  • 17. Electrohydraulic Drive SystemElectrohydraulic Drive System • Uses hydraulics to transfer power from electric motor to load • Rotary: Waterbury pump connected to rotary piston hydraulic motor (speed gear) • Tilting box of A-end controls direction/speed of B-end • Adv: high starting torque, reversibility, high power-to- weight ratio • ex: Electrohydraulic Speed Gear or Steering Gear • capstan, anchor windlass, cranes, elevator, ammo hoist
  • 19. Electrohydraulic Steering GearElectrohydraulic Steering Gear • Same as speed gear except B-end is a hydraulic cylinder to produce linear motion • Waterbury pumps connected by piping to hydraulic ram cylinder • Various methods for connecting rams to tillers • Two pumps for redundancy & reliability • Movement of steering wheel through hydraulic system moves rudder
  • 21. Control of SystemControl of System • Remote control • Normal method • Control from bridge • Emergency • Take local control • Manually position control surface/rudder