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CORROSION INSPECTION IN OIL AND GAS PIPELINE

                                 Blessing Bamidele Ilugbusi
                                     bilugb11@caledonian.ac.uk

             (MSc, Applied Instrumentation and Control) Glasgow Caledonian University.

An accident free pipeline operation is the dream of every player in oil and gas industry but
corrosion by nature is a contending issue in this regard. Corrosion has been around for all
recorded history (Durham and Durham, 2003), and causes the degradation of pipeline
system due to chemical reaction with the operational fluid and environment. This reduces
both the static and cyclic strength of a pipeline (Cosham et al., 2007). Presently, the
industry is being faced with a wide variety of corrosive environments during the pipeline
transportation of oil and gas (Yahaya, 1999). Though corrosion rate is very slow, there is a
danger that it will cause leakage of internal fluid in future (Hamona, 2006). To reduce the
effect of corrosion, active monitoring and frequent inspection are critical to maintaining
pipeline health. However, the task is tedious and expensive when using the tradition
method of visual inspection due to inaccessibility and hazardous environment in which the
pipelines are deployed (Jong-Hoon et al., 2010).

Corrosion inspection is an important means of detecting oil and gas pipeline defect. This
plays an important role in the protection and of the safe operation of pipelines (Shufen et
al., 2010; Hong, 1999). This has helped the industry in the management of pipeline. The
inspection is carried out by using an in-line inspection device that can measure the extent
of internal corrosion (Yahaya, 1999), and cathodic protection (CP) system inspection for
external corrosion.

Cathodic protection is the process of forcing a metal to be more negative (cathodic) than
the natural state (Durham and Durham, 2003). The cathodic protection systems are the
impressed current system and sacrificial anode. Impressed current can be achieved by
applying a current to the pipeline to be protected from electrical source (Bashi et al.,
2003). The external monitoring requires periodic inspection and thorough analysis of the
data acquired. Southern (2008) revealed that multi-purpose, all-in-one, pipeline integrity
automation, wireless, data communication radios are available that monitor and report all
cathodic protection rectifier operations, automate rectifier interruption, rectifier operational
status, and pipe-to-soil potential. This is done to ascertain the extent of corrosion and
damaged done to the pipeline.
In-line inspection in a pipeline operation is achieved by driving pipeline inspection gauges
(PIGs) through a pipeline by the flowing fluid (Guo et al., 2005). Over the years internal
corrosion inspection has been dominated by intelligent pigs such as mechanical,
electronic, ultrasonic or electromagnetic system and have been able to locate and detect
anomalies in the pipe accurately (Lopez and Sadovnychiy, 2007). Some pigs can
determine the integrity of the pipeline in situ (Mathur et al., 2007) and other acquire and
store data for off-line analysis (Zhongwei et al., 2008). Yun et al. revealed that in-line
inspection is one of the most important ways to inspect pipeline safely. However,
ultrasonic and electromagnetic in-line inspection is considered.

The electromagnetic type of pigs make use of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technique, it is
a non-destructive in-line inspection of pipeline, involves the detection of defects and
anomalies in the pipe wall and evaluation of the severity of these defects (Hari et al.,
2007). The technique relies on using multi-transducer approaches to obtain greater defect
sensitivity, high accuracy and reliable inspection system (Katrgadda et al., 1996). The
difficulty with this method is the extent and complexity of the analysis of the MFL images
(Khodayari-Rostamabad et al., 2009). Natural gas transmission pipelines are commonly
inspected using this method and the data obtained is processed to estimate an equivalent
length, width and depth of defects. The information is used to predict the maximum safe
operating pressure of the pipeline (Joshi et al., 2006).

The ultrasonic in-line inspection is one of the important methods of inspecting the wall-
loss defect on-line for crude oil pipeline as a result of corrosion. The device contains
complex mechanism and electronic instruments. It also exists as a multi-channel device
consisting of main and sub-structure. It has high precision for both inner and outer defects.
The pipeline corrosion is judged by the residual wall thickness (Dai et al., 2007). This has
become the main pipeline online detection method because of the advantage of its fast
speed, reliability and economy (Shufen et al., 2010). Xu et al. revealed that ultrasonic
detection is affected by pipeline wall roughness, interaction between different echoes
constituting noise and branching-point geometry.

In conclusion, corrosion inspection provides information on the state of pipeline and
guides the operators to prepare adequate management programme. This will help in
preventing pipeline rupturing due to corrosion that can lead to product loss thereby causing
environmental pollution and endangering human life.
REFERENCES

Bashi, S.M., Mailah, N.F. & Radzi, M.A.M. (2003) "Cathodic protection system", Power
Engineering Conference, 2003. PECon 2003. Proceedings. National, pp. 366- 370. ISBN
0-7803-8208-0

Cosham, A., Hopkins, P. & Macdonald, K.A. (2007) "Best practice for the assessment of
defects in pipelines – Corrosion", Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1245-
1265. ISSN: 135-6307

Dai B., Zhang H., Sheng S., Dong J., Xie Z., and Tang D. (2007) "An Ultrasonic In-line
Inspection System on Crude Oil Pipelines", Control Conference, 2007. CCC 2007.
Chinese, pp. 199-203. ISBN 978-7-81124-055-9

Durham, R.A. and Durham, M.O. ( 2003) "Corrosion impact of cathodic protection on
surrounding structures", Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 2003. Record of
Conference Papers. IEEE Industry Applications Society 50th Annual, pp. 303-309. ISSN
0090-3507

Guo, B., Song, S., Chacko, J. and Ghalambor, A. (2005) "Pigging Operations" in Offshore
Pipelines Gulf Professional Publishing, Burlington, pp. 215-233. ISBN 978-0-75-067847-
6

Hamano, K., Kamaga, A., Tateno, S. and Matsuyama, H. (2006) "Risk based selection of
inspection parts for surface corrosion of piping in chemical plants", SICE-ICASE, 2006.
International Joint Conference, pp. 3408-3413 ISBN 89-950038-4-7

Hari, K.C., Nabi, M. and Kulkarni, S.V. (2007) "Improved FEM model for defect-shape
construction from MFL signal by using genetic algorithm", Science, Measurement &
Technology, IET, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 196-200. Doi: 10.1049/iet-smt:20060069

Hong, H.P. 1999, "Inspection and maintenance planning of pipeline under external
corrosion considering generation of new defects", Structural Safety, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 203-
222. ISSN 0167-4730

Jong-Hoon, K., Sharma, G., Boudriga, N. and Iyengar, S.S. (2010) "SPAMMS: A sensor-
based pipeline autonomous monitoring and maintenance system", Communication Systems
and Networks (COMSNETS), 2010 Second International Conference on, pp. 1-10. ISBN
978-1-4244-5487-7

Joshi, A., Udpa, L., Udpa, S. and Tamburrino, A. (2006) "Adaptive Wavelets for
Characterizing Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals from Pipeline Inspection", Magnetics,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3168-3170.ISSN 0018-9464
Katragadda, G., Lord, W., Sun, Y.S., Udpa, S. and Udpa, L. (1996) "Alternative magnetic
flux leakage modalities for pipeline inspection", Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.
32, no. 3, pp. 1581-1584. ISSN 0018-9464

Khodayari-Rostamabad, A., Reilly, J.P., Nikolova, N.K., Hare, J.R. and Pasha, S. (2009)
"Machine Learning Techniques for the Analysis of Magnetic Flux Leakage Images in
Pipeline Inspection", Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 3073-3084.
ISSN: 0018-9464

Lopez, J.M. and Sadovnychiy, S. (2007) "Small PIG for inspection pipeline", Electronics,
Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference, 2007. CERMA 2007, pp. 585-590 ISBN
978-0-7695-2974-5

Mathur, M.P., Spenik, J.L., Condon, C.M., Monazam, E.R. and Fincham, W.L. (2007) "A
probe for in situ, remote, detection of defects in buried plastic natural gas pipelines",
Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 125105-125105-5. ISSN 0034-6748

Shufen Q., Jiao L., and Guangfen J. (2010) "Study of submarine pipeline corrosion based
on ultrasonic detection and wavelet analysis", Computer Application and System Modeling
(ICCASM), 2010 International Conference on, pp. V12-440-V12-444. ISBN 978-1-4244-
7235-2

Southern, D.J. (2008) "Remote monitoring of cathodic protection sites by radio
frequency", Materials Performance, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 34-36. http://www.proquest.com/
 [Accessed: December 9, 2010].

Xu, Y., Dai, B., Tian X. and Sheng S. (2010) "Ultrasonic in-line inspection of pipeline
corrosion based on support vector machine multi-classifier", Control Conference (CCC),
2010 29th Chinese, pp. 2894-2899. ISBN 978-1-4244-6263-6

Yahaya, N. (1999) "The use of inspection data in the structural assessment of corroding pipelines
(BL)". Ph.D. diss., Heriot-Watt University (United Kingdom). In ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses - UK & Ireland [database on-line]; available from http://www.proquest.com (publication
number AAT U110896; [Accessed December 10, 2010].

Yun X., Bo Dai, Zurong X. and Xiaoping T. (2010) "Electromagnetic field analysis for
outer orientation problems in in-line pipeline inspection", Control and Decision
Conference (CCDC), 2010 Chinese, pp. 1129-1134. ISBN 978-1-4244-5181-4

Zhongwei Wang, Qixin Cao, Nan Luan & Lei Zhang 2008, "Development of new pipeline
maintenance system for repairing early-built offshore oil pipelines", Industrial
Technology, 2008. ICIT 2008. IEEE International Conference on, pp. 1-6 ISBN 978-1-
4244-1705-6

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CORROSION INSPECTION IN OIL AND GAS PIPELINE

  • 1. CORROSION INSPECTION IN OIL AND GAS PIPELINE Blessing Bamidele Ilugbusi bilugb11@caledonian.ac.uk (MSc, Applied Instrumentation and Control) Glasgow Caledonian University. An accident free pipeline operation is the dream of every player in oil and gas industry but corrosion by nature is a contending issue in this regard. Corrosion has been around for all recorded history (Durham and Durham, 2003), and causes the degradation of pipeline system due to chemical reaction with the operational fluid and environment. This reduces both the static and cyclic strength of a pipeline (Cosham et al., 2007). Presently, the industry is being faced with a wide variety of corrosive environments during the pipeline transportation of oil and gas (Yahaya, 1999). Though corrosion rate is very slow, there is a danger that it will cause leakage of internal fluid in future (Hamona, 2006). To reduce the effect of corrosion, active monitoring and frequent inspection are critical to maintaining pipeline health. However, the task is tedious and expensive when using the tradition method of visual inspection due to inaccessibility and hazardous environment in which the pipelines are deployed (Jong-Hoon et al., 2010). Corrosion inspection is an important means of detecting oil and gas pipeline defect. This plays an important role in the protection and of the safe operation of pipelines (Shufen et al., 2010; Hong, 1999). This has helped the industry in the management of pipeline. The inspection is carried out by using an in-line inspection device that can measure the extent of internal corrosion (Yahaya, 1999), and cathodic protection (CP) system inspection for external corrosion. Cathodic protection is the process of forcing a metal to be more negative (cathodic) than the natural state (Durham and Durham, 2003). The cathodic protection systems are the impressed current system and sacrificial anode. Impressed current can be achieved by applying a current to the pipeline to be protected from electrical source (Bashi et al., 2003). The external monitoring requires periodic inspection and thorough analysis of the data acquired. Southern (2008) revealed that multi-purpose, all-in-one, pipeline integrity automation, wireless, data communication radios are available that monitor and report all cathodic protection rectifier operations, automate rectifier interruption, rectifier operational status, and pipe-to-soil potential. This is done to ascertain the extent of corrosion and damaged done to the pipeline.
  • 2. In-line inspection in a pipeline operation is achieved by driving pipeline inspection gauges (PIGs) through a pipeline by the flowing fluid (Guo et al., 2005). Over the years internal corrosion inspection has been dominated by intelligent pigs such as mechanical, electronic, ultrasonic or electromagnetic system and have been able to locate and detect anomalies in the pipe accurately (Lopez and Sadovnychiy, 2007). Some pigs can determine the integrity of the pipeline in situ (Mathur et al., 2007) and other acquire and store data for off-line analysis (Zhongwei et al., 2008). Yun et al. revealed that in-line inspection is one of the most important ways to inspect pipeline safely. However, ultrasonic and electromagnetic in-line inspection is considered. The electromagnetic type of pigs make use of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technique, it is a non-destructive in-line inspection of pipeline, involves the detection of defects and anomalies in the pipe wall and evaluation of the severity of these defects (Hari et al., 2007). The technique relies on using multi-transducer approaches to obtain greater defect sensitivity, high accuracy and reliable inspection system (Katrgadda et al., 1996). The difficulty with this method is the extent and complexity of the analysis of the MFL images (Khodayari-Rostamabad et al., 2009). Natural gas transmission pipelines are commonly inspected using this method and the data obtained is processed to estimate an equivalent length, width and depth of defects. The information is used to predict the maximum safe operating pressure of the pipeline (Joshi et al., 2006). The ultrasonic in-line inspection is one of the important methods of inspecting the wall- loss defect on-line for crude oil pipeline as a result of corrosion. The device contains complex mechanism and electronic instruments. It also exists as a multi-channel device consisting of main and sub-structure. It has high precision for both inner and outer defects. The pipeline corrosion is judged by the residual wall thickness (Dai et al., 2007). This has become the main pipeline online detection method because of the advantage of its fast speed, reliability and economy (Shufen et al., 2010). Xu et al. revealed that ultrasonic detection is affected by pipeline wall roughness, interaction between different echoes constituting noise and branching-point geometry. In conclusion, corrosion inspection provides information on the state of pipeline and guides the operators to prepare adequate management programme. This will help in preventing pipeline rupturing due to corrosion that can lead to product loss thereby causing environmental pollution and endangering human life.
  • 3. REFERENCES Bashi, S.M., Mailah, N.F. & Radzi, M.A.M. (2003) "Cathodic protection system", Power Engineering Conference, 2003. PECon 2003. Proceedings. National, pp. 366- 370. ISBN 0-7803-8208-0 Cosham, A., Hopkins, P. & Macdonald, K.A. (2007) "Best practice for the assessment of defects in pipelines – Corrosion", Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1245- 1265. ISSN: 135-6307 Dai B., Zhang H., Sheng S., Dong J., Xie Z., and Tang D. (2007) "An Ultrasonic In-line Inspection System on Crude Oil Pipelines", Control Conference, 2007. CCC 2007. Chinese, pp. 199-203. ISBN 978-7-81124-055-9 Durham, R.A. and Durham, M.O. ( 2003) "Corrosion impact of cathodic protection on surrounding structures", Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, 2003. Record of Conference Papers. IEEE Industry Applications Society 50th Annual, pp. 303-309. ISSN 0090-3507 Guo, B., Song, S., Chacko, J. and Ghalambor, A. (2005) "Pigging Operations" in Offshore Pipelines Gulf Professional Publishing, Burlington, pp. 215-233. ISBN 978-0-75-067847- 6 Hamano, K., Kamaga, A., Tateno, S. and Matsuyama, H. (2006) "Risk based selection of inspection parts for surface corrosion of piping in chemical plants", SICE-ICASE, 2006. International Joint Conference, pp. 3408-3413 ISBN 89-950038-4-7 Hari, K.C., Nabi, M. and Kulkarni, S.V. (2007) "Improved FEM model for defect-shape construction from MFL signal by using genetic algorithm", Science, Measurement & Technology, IET, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 196-200. Doi: 10.1049/iet-smt:20060069 Hong, H.P. 1999, "Inspection and maintenance planning of pipeline under external corrosion considering generation of new defects", Structural Safety, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 203- 222. ISSN 0167-4730 Jong-Hoon, K., Sharma, G., Boudriga, N. and Iyengar, S.S. (2010) "SPAMMS: A sensor- based pipeline autonomous monitoring and maintenance system", Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS), 2010 Second International Conference on, pp. 1-10. ISBN 978-1-4244-5487-7 Joshi, A., Udpa, L., Udpa, S. and Tamburrino, A. (2006) "Adaptive Wavelets for Characterizing Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals from Pipeline Inspection", Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3168-3170.ISSN 0018-9464
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