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1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
RECAPPING HOW IOs WORK
• Decision-making
• Accountability
• Control of the executive/administration
• Voting method
• Judicial arbitration
• NGOs & other actors
• Citizen input
IOs & DOMESTIC IMPACT
• Do IOs influence domestic politics & actors? Lawrence Hardy
• Case study: the EU Lecturer in European
Politics,
• Theorising IOs and domestic impact School of Political,
Social &
• Conclusion International Studies,
University of East
Anglia

2. RECAP: INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF IOs
REALISM - structures reflect domination of most powerful MS
LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM - policy-making process is product of
systems, procedures & informal norms
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM - bureaucracies create social knowledge ,
eg. Development, promoting human rights, markets & democracy
(See Barnett & Finnemore, 1999)
MARXISM - powerful economic forces dictate IO structures
FEMINISM - men create an ethos & shape governing structures of IOs
PRINCIPAL - AGENT MODEL - the Agent able to ‘play off’ MS against
each other & its build own policy agenda?

3. RECAP: COMPARING WEAK & STRONG DECISION-
MAKING AUTHORITY AND DELEGATION
INTERGOVERNMENTAL vs SUPRANATIONAL
Intergovernmental Supranational organizations:
organizations:
 individual states bound by
 consent of all member states decisions of the organization
required for decision making even those with which they
disagree
 each state retains its veto
 independent bodies are
 cannot be bound by created & given powers &
decisions with which it had responsibilities they exercise
not given its assent independent of the Member
States
 Can you name one?
 Can you name one?

4. DO IOs INFLUENCE DOMESTIC
POLITICS & ACTORS?
 Shaping policy & socialising elites towards liberal democracy in
states applying for membership of an IO (e.g. the EU)
 Influencing social & cultural perspectives
 Through norms & values, information & policy decisions,
strengthening domestic actors towards specific policy goals
 e.g. information & policy positions of an IO can be used by
domestic actors such as NGOs to advance their interests

5. EARLY VIEW (Gourevitch 1978)
 International factors influence domestic political outcomes
RECENT VIEWS ON IOs & DEMOCRATIC CHANGE
 Regional organizations influence domestic politics by ‘assuaging
fears of national elites, or socializing a group of national elites’
helping political liberalization (Pevehouse, 2002)
 Some make membership conditional on democratic change e.g. EU
 Can assist deepening democracy as leaders in emerging
democracies look to IOs for support
 International rules or norms can become institutionalized at
national level infusing beliefs & values within the state
 Domestic actors can appeal to international rules & norms to
further their objectives in the national political arena
 Success depends on context & salience

6. CASE STUDY: EUROPEAN UNION
OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERSHIP
 Commitment of prospective MS & existing not only to existing
legislation (‘acquis communautaire’), but also to all subsequent
legislation
 Permanent participation in collective system of governance with
shared decision-making authority
 including EU institutions i.e. European Commission,
European Parliament, European Court of Justice
IMPACT OF MEMBERSHIP ON FREEDOM OF ACTION
 ‘Sovereignty’ as concepts insufficient to define freedom to act
‘Strength’ & ‘influence’ achieved by membership of EU also
important in giving a member ‘autonomy’
 eg. Consider smaller MS such as Latvia, Malta, Portugal -
sovereignty may be circumscribed but they are stronger &
more influential than they would be if outside EU

7. WHAT IS EUROPEANIZATION?
 Domestic change caused by European integration
 Incremental reshaping of political & economic dynamics &
structures of governance
 Exporting forms of political organisation to new MS & eventual
political unification?
 Development of a new political space at the European level
 TOP-DOWN APPROACH - change emanating from impact of EU
on domestic policy
 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH - when states affect EU policy
 NEED FOR CLARITY - about effects of Europeanization on
institutions, policy, instruments, goals, paradigms, discourse

8. IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION & EUROPEANIZATION
Target of impact Type of impact
Central government Constraints on freedom of action
Administrations New responsibilities
New ways of making & implementing policy
Ensuring the representation of national interests at EU
level
Parliaments Displaced by migration of locus decision making
Contributing to decline of legislatures
Regional government Newly empowered?
Political Parties New opportunities
Party systems) New cleavage?
Policy Policy change (aims, substance, instruments)
Policy making New arenas & new cognitive map
Interest New targets & strategies
intermediation
Future member states Administrative reform, policies & policy processes

9. THEORISING IOs & THE DOMESTIC
REALISM
Policy change occurs when in self interest of elites/Govt
Gains must outweigh benefits
Social, cultural, political, economic changes are the costs of
achieving larger benefits
LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM
Collective interests are significant in the negotiation process.
Norms and values are part of that
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
Socialisation, especially of elites, imparts values and norms

10. CONCLUSIONS & DISCUSSION
 EU has had a significant effect on the internal politics, policies,
institutions, social & cultural life of its MS
 MS have also had an important effect on the EU
 e.g. Britain’s influence shaped the Maastricht and Lisbon
Treaties, which may otherwise have gone much further
towards political and economic integration
 Norms & values are important e.g. the conviction of senior
Commission officials to advance European unity
 How effective is THE EU at ‘Europeanising' prospective MS?
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