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EVOLUTION




Biology 1 / SY 2006-2007
Evolution
 Definition
      - gradual change over time
      - L. e-, out + volvere, to roll

 Types
     GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION
     BIOLOGICAL or ORGANIC EVOLUTION

 The foundation of modern evolutionary thought was
  described by Charles Darwin
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
          Evolution Before Darwin

Greek Philosophers

• Plato’s Idealism

• Aristotle’s scala naturae (scale of
  nature)

 special creation of each species
 organisms were created in their current
   form
 the earth was only a few thousand years
   old
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
           Evolution Before Darwin

CARL Von LINNE
• Swedish botanist
• worked on the classification of
  plants
• published Species Plantarum
  (~7,300 plants)
• ordered classification of plants
  based on their similarities
   showed the natural
  relationships of plants
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
           Evolution Before Darwin

THOMAS MALTHUS

• economist & clergyman

• published
    An Essay on the Principle of
           Population

 Populations had an inherent tendency to increase geometrically,
while the resources needed to support this growth increase slowly or
not at all.

 Because of the continued growth of a species would outstrip
needed resources, growth would be limited.
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
       Evolution Before Darwin
                      JEAN-BAPTISTE de LAMARCK

                      • French biologist
                      • proposed that modern species
                        descended from other species
                      • Lamarckism based on two theories:


1.   Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
     - traits acquired by an individual during its life are passed to its
     offspring
2. Use and Disuse
     - organs of the body that were used extensively to cope with the
     environment became larger and stronger, while organs that
              were not used deteriorated
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
       Evolution Before Darwin


Example:
The Evolution of the Giraffe

Giraffes obtained their long necks from
previous giraffes who stretched to eat the
leaves of high tree branches.
Stretching increased the length of their
necks, and this acquired characteristic
was passed to the next generation.
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
         Evolution Before Darwin

Lamarckism

• first to present a unified theory that attempted to explain the
  changes in organisms from one generation to the next

• although mechanisms proposed for change was wrong, since
  acquired characteristics are not heritable!!!

     origin of species from preexisting species
     ability of organisms to adapt
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
          Darwin’s Time (1800s)
GEORGES CUVIER
• French anatomist and
  naturalist and writer
• paleontologist
• strongly opposed the
  concept of evolution
 history of living organisms recorded in layers of rock
  containing a succession of fossil species in chronological
  order

 fossils were organisms that had died in a series of
  catastrophes, after which extinct plants and animals were
  replaced by the immigration of distant species to the
  devastated region  Catastrophism
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
         Darwin’s Time (1800s)
JAMES HUTTON

• Scottish geologist

• took up law, medicine
  and agriculture

• published
  Theory of the Earth

 geological change occurred slowly but continuously by the
  process of Gradualism
 sedimentary rock that encased fossils formed by the gradual
  accumulation of sediments in bodies of water
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
         Darwin’s Time (1800s)
CHARLES LYELL

• Scottish lawyer
  turned geologist

• published
   Principles of Geology

 Uniformitarianism - the processes that alter the Earth are
  uniform through time

 believed Hutton’s evidence for gradualism indicated that
  the earth was millions of years old

 believed that even the slow and subtle processes could
  cause substantial change over time
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
       Darwin’s Time (1800s)

GEORGES CUVIER
JAMES HUTTON
CHARLES LYELL

Geological evolution
    the earth is very old and constantly changing
    life existed millions of years ago

• geologists were convinced of an ancient earth, but were at
  odds over how to explain the appearance and disappearance
  of species in the fossil record

• believed in in special creation
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
         Darwin’s Time (1800s)

GREGOR MENDEL
• Austrian biologist
• discovered the basic principles of
  heredity
• father of Classical Genetics


 Individual characteristics determined by
  inherited factors transmitted from
  parent to offspring.
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
         Darwin’s Time (1800s)

CHARLES DARWIN
• voyage on the H.M.S.
  Beagle (1836)
• published (1859)
   The Origin of Species
• first person who proposed a
  mechanistic approach to
  evolutionary thought
• the father of synthetic
  evolution
The Voyage of the Beagle
On the Galapagos
Islands...

 Galapagos tortoise
 Darwin’s finches
 Most organisms on the islands
were endemic.
 species not specially created in their
  present forms, but had evolved from
  ancestral species
 proposed a mechanism for evolution:
            Natural Selection

   A population of organisms can change
   over time as a result of individuals with
   certain      heritable    characteristics
   leaving more offspring than other
   individuals.
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
         Darwin’s Time (1800s)

ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE

• English naturalist

• studied the Malay
  archipelago and Amazon

• proposed a theory of
  evolution similar to Darwin’s




 “Then I saw at once that the ever-present variability of all living
 things would furnish the material from which, by the mere
 weeding out of those less adapted to the actual conditions, the
 fittest alone would continue the race.”
Darwinism in Historical Context
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
    Neo-Darwinian/Contemporary Times




       HUGO                CARL              ERICH VON
      DE VRIES            CORRENS            TSCHERMAK


• rediscovered Mendel’s laws of heredity
• the start of rediscovering evolution in terms of Mendel’s
  ideas
THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
    Neo-Darwinian/Contemporary Times

JAMES WATSON
FRANCIS CRICK
• elucidated the structure of
  DNA (genetic material)
• DNA contains coded
  information which acts as a
  blueprint for the transfer of
  hereditary information from
  generation to generation
• mutation as the raw material
  for evolution

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history of evolutionary thought

  • 1. EVOLUTION Biology 1 / SY 2006-2007
  • 2. Evolution  Definition - gradual change over time - L. e-, out + volvere, to roll  Types GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION BIOLOGICAL or ORGANIC EVOLUTION  The foundation of modern evolutionary thought was described by Charles Darwin
  • 3. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Evolution Before Darwin Greek Philosophers • Plato’s Idealism • Aristotle’s scala naturae (scale of nature)  special creation of each species  organisms were created in their current form  the earth was only a few thousand years old
  • 4. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Evolution Before Darwin CARL Von LINNE • Swedish botanist • worked on the classification of plants • published Species Plantarum (~7,300 plants) • ordered classification of plants based on their similarities  showed the natural relationships of plants
  • 5. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Evolution Before Darwin THOMAS MALTHUS • economist & clergyman • published An Essay on the Principle of Population  Populations had an inherent tendency to increase geometrically, while the resources needed to support this growth increase slowly or not at all.  Because of the continued growth of a species would outstrip needed resources, growth would be limited.
  • 6. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Evolution Before Darwin JEAN-BAPTISTE de LAMARCK • French biologist • proposed that modern species descended from other species • Lamarckism based on two theories: 1. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics - traits acquired by an individual during its life are passed to its offspring 2. Use and Disuse - organs of the body that were used extensively to cope with the environment became larger and stronger, while organs that were not used deteriorated
  • 7. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Evolution Before Darwin Example: The Evolution of the Giraffe Giraffes obtained their long necks from previous giraffes who stretched to eat the leaves of high tree branches. Stretching increased the length of their necks, and this acquired characteristic was passed to the next generation.
  • 8. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Evolution Before Darwin Lamarckism • first to present a unified theory that attempted to explain the changes in organisms from one generation to the next • although mechanisms proposed for change was wrong, since acquired characteristics are not heritable!!!  origin of species from preexisting species  ability of organisms to adapt
  • 9. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Darwin’s Time (1800s) GEORGES CUVIER • French anatomist and naturalist and writer • paleontologist • strongly opposed the concept of evolution  history of living organisms recorded in layers of rock containing a succession of fossil species in chronological order  fossils were organisms that had died in a series of catastrophes, after which extinct plants and animals were replaced by the immigration of distant species to the devastated region  Catastrophism
  • 10. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Darwin’s Time (1800s) JAMES HUTTON • Scottish geologist • took up law, medicine and agriculture • published Theory of the Earth  geological change occurred slowly but continuously by the process of Gradualism  sedimentary rock that encased fossils formed by the gradual accumulation of sediments in bodies of water
  • 11. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Darwin’s Time (1800s) CHARLES LYELL • Scottish lawyer turned geologist • published Principles of Geology  Uniformitarianism - the processes that alter the Earth are uniform through time  believed Hutton’s evidence for gradualism indicated that the earth was millions of years old  believed that even the slow and subtle processes could cause substantial change over time
  • 12. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Darwin’s Time (1800s) GEORGES CUVIER JAMES HUTTON CHARLES LYELL Geological evolution  the earth is very old and constantly changing  life existed millions of years ago • geologists were convinced of an ancient earth, but were at odds over how to explain the appearance and disappearance of species in the fossil record • believed in in special creation
  • 13. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Darwin’s Time (1800s) GREGOR MENDEL • Austrian biologist • discovered the basic principles of heredity • father of Classical Genetics  Individual characteristics determined by inherited factors transmitted from parent to offspring.
  • 14. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Darwin’s Time (1800s) CHARLES DARWIN • voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle (1836) • published (1859) The Origin of Species • first person who proposed a mechanistic approach to evolutionary thought • the father of synthetic evolution
  • 15. The Voyage of the Beagle
  • 16. On the Galapagos Islands...  Galapagos tortoise Darwin’s finches Most organisms on the islands were endemic.
  • 17.  species not specially created in their present forms, but had evolved from ancestral species  proposed a mechanism for evolution: Natural Selection A population of organisms can change over time as a result of individuals with certain heritable characteristics leaving more offspring than other individuals.
  • 18. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Darwin’s Time (1800s) ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE • English naturalist • studied the Malay archipelago and Amazon • proposed a theory of evolution similar to Darwin’s “Then I saw at once that the ever-present variability of all living things would furnish the material from which, by the mere weeding out of those less adapted to the actual conditions, the fittest alone would continue the race.”
  • 20. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Neo-Darwinian/Contemporary Times HUGO CARL ERICH VON DE VRIES CORRENS TSCHERMAK • rediscovered Mendel’s laws of heredity • the start of rediscovering evolution in terms of Mendel’s ideas
  • 21. THE ROAD TO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Neo-Darwinian/Contemporary Times JAMES WATSON FRANCIS CRICK • elucidated the structure of DNA (genetic material) • DNA contains coded information which acts as a blueprint for the transfer of hereditary information from generation to generation • mutation as the raw material for evolution