Slides from presentation given by Richard M. Van Frank from Improving Kids' Environment, at Indiana Sustainable Natural Resources Task Force 1/25/12 meeting.

1. Managing Indiana’s Air Resources
Presentation to Indiana Sustainable Natural
Resources Task Force
Richard M. Van Frank
January 25, 2012

2. About Improving Kids’ Environment
 IKE is a non-profit advocacy organization that works to
reduce and remove environmental threats to children’s
health so they can succeed
 Our mission is to:
 identify environmental threats to children
 ensure parents and others have access to accurate information
about threats & how to prevent them
 work with others to remove, reduce and communicate
recognized, serious threats
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3. Air Pollution Sources in Indiana
 Electric generating plants
 Coal-fired
 Gas & other fuels
 Industrial facilities
 Coal-& gas-fired boilers
 Manufacturing processes
 Steel mills
 Coke plants
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4. Air Pollution Sources in Indiana
 Industrial facilities cont.
 Refineries
 Chemical and pharmaceutical plants
 Mobile sources
 Cars, trucks, buses, locomotives
 Other, fireplaces, wood boilers, trash burning,
lawnmowers, etc. etc.
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5. Pollution Emitted As…
 Vapor or gas
 Particulates
 Some vapors form particulates after leaving
the stack
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6. Significant Public Health Risks
 Particulates : aggravated asthma, reduced lung growth, allergies, Cardiac
arrest.
 Ozone: inflammation of linking of lungs, reduced lung function, cough,
wheezing, chest pain, shortness of breath, difficulty exercising
 Sulfur Dioxide: wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath
 Nitrogen Dioxide: Increased respiratory illnesses, more severe asthma, plus
irritation of eyes, nose and throat
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7. Pollutants
 Criteria pollutants
 Particulate matter, ground-level ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur
oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead
 hazardous air pollutants are linked to respiratory,
cardiovascular disease and cancer
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8. Traffic-related Pollution Health Effects
 Traffic creates a mix of hazardous air pollutants, such as
benzene, and criteria air pollutants: fine particulate
matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs)
 Living near busy roads is a
risk factor for the onset of
childhood asthma
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9. Pregnant Women & Unborn Children
 A child’s brain & nervous system is vulnerable because of long
developmental process: just after conception through adolescence
 Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke may increase risk of asthma in the
child, or lead to reduced lung function
 Mercury exposure found to cause lower intelligence in children and
problems with language, attention and memory
 Exposure to lead is associated with impaired memory, lower IQ and
difficulty following directions, planning, and processing speech
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10. Damages to Other Natural Resources
 Crops and Trees
 Soybeans
 Evergreens
 The use of additional resources brings a global economic
loss of 10-12 percent of the total value of crop production
 The U.S. soybean crop suffers nearly $2 billion in
damage a year due to rising surface ozone
concentrations
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Source: USDA.gov

11. Effects of Ozone on Crop Yields
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Source: USDA.gov

12. The Clean Air Act
 Control effort was originally driven by increasing signs
of environmental damage in the northeastern US.
 Acidified lakes
 Leaching minerals, some toxic from soil and rock
 Health effects from air pollution began to be recognized
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13. Clean Air Act-Indiana Experience
 State had no SO2 SIP.
 Complete denial of problem
 Claimed economic effect
 2x or more increase in utility rates
 Coal mines close
 Industry leave state
 Acid rain did not exist!
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14. Clean Air Act
 Protection of Public Health and the Environment
 Sets standards for air pollution
 EPA sets regulations based on advice from the Science Advisory
Committee. There is no “bright line”
 The standard is based on the best scientific judgment of the committee
 The standard continues to be lowered as more is learned about health risks
 Effects of non-attainment
 Economic consequences
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15. Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Fine Particulate
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Source: U.S. EPA

16. Fine Particulate
Fine Particulate & Our Lungs
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17. Current & Proposed Standards for Fine Particulate
 Current:
 Annual standard: 15.0 ug/m3
 24-Hour standard: 35 ug/m3
 New Recommended Standard:
 Annual: 24 to 14 ug/m3
 24-Hour: 25 to 35 ug/m3
 Indiana could have trouble meeting new standard
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18. Fine Particulate 24-Hour Highs for Indianapolis
PM 2.5 24 HR HIGHS FOR INDIANAPOLIS
70.0
60.0
50.0
Site 2 Southw est Street
40.0 Site 11 English Ave.
ug/m3
Site 41 Washington Park
30.0 Site 43 W. 18th St.
Site 44 E. Michigan
20.0
10.0
0.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
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19. Fine Particle Health Effects
 Fine Particles Linked to Daily Mortality
 Positive associations were observed with all-cause mortality,
as well as mortality from respiratory disease, cardiovascular
disease, and diabetes, and deaths in persons over age 65
 Ischemic Strokes increase as PM levels increase
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20. Fine Particle Health Effects
 Low Levels of PM Trigger Hospital Admissions for Congestive
Heart Failure
 Children’s Hospital Admissions Spike with Increases in
Outdoor Air Pollution
 Children living near interstate highways have lower lung
function than those living farther away.
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21. 21
U.S. satellite-derived map of PM2.5 averaged over 2001-2006. Credit: Dalhousie University, Aaron van Donkelaar

22. Ozone and Smog Formation
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23. Ozone
 Very complex reaction that is yet to be completely
understood
 Transport problem
 Emissions in Indianapolis, ozone in Noblesville
 Transported long distances.
 Regional solution needed
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24. Ozone
 Short-term exposure to ground-level ozone can cause inflammation of the
lining of the lungs, reduced lung function, and respiratory symptoms such
as cough, wheezing, chest pain, burning in the chest, and shortness of
breath
 Exposure to ozone can increase susceptibility to respiratory infection; long-
term exposure can permanently damage lung tissue, and short-term
exposure is associated with increased mortality
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25. Ozone Monitoring Data – Indpls.
8 HR Ozone July 2011
90
80
70
60
Fairland
50 Washington PK INDY
conc.
Harding St. Indy
Monrovia
40 70
60
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Date
Ozone Standard 75 ppb 8-hour average. Recommended new standard
is between 60 and 70 ppb 25

26. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
 Industrial sources
 Volatile solvents
 Mobile sources
 Gasoline
combustion
 Lawn mowers, weed trimmers, jet skies
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27. Nitrogen Oxides Health Effects
 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an odorless gas that can irritate the
eyes, nose, and throat, and can cause shortness of breath
 NO2 can lead to increased respiratory illnesses and symptoms,
more severe asthma symptoms, and an increase in the number
of emergency department visits and hospital admissions for
respiratory causes, especially asthma
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28. Nitrogen Oxides
 In people with asthma, exposure to low levels of NO2 may cause
increased bronchial reactivity and make young children more
susceptible to respiratory infections
 NOx can also produce many of the same symptoms in adults
especially those with preexisting respiratory or cardiovascular
conditions.
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29. Sulfur Dioxide
 Short-term Health Effects
 Breathing difficulties and asthma-related hospitalizations,
particularly for children
 Short-term exposures to SO2 have also been associated with
respiratory-related emergency department visits and hospital
admissions, particularly for children
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30. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
 Nine Indiana counties don’t
meet the new federal 1-hour
sulfur dioxide standard
 73 percent of SO2 emissions
come from power plants
that burn fossil fuels, such
as coal.
 Another 20 percent comes
from other industries.
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Source: IDEM

31. Mercury
 Major Source: Coal combustion from power plants
 Deposited near source
 Much deposited near power plant source
 Elemental mercury in soil and water converted to highly
toxic methyl mercury
 Persists in environment for 100s of years
 Accumulates in food chain
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32. 32

33. 33

34. Mercury in Indianapolis Area Soils
I-465
I-70
IPL Harding Street Station
102 kg Hg emitted/yr
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Source: Dr. Gabriel Filippelli, Director, Center for Urban Health, IUPUI

35. Health Affects of Mercury
 Proven link between levels of mercury in women’s bodies and
neurological effects on their children
 Studies have found associations between neurodevelopment
effects and mercury body burdens in U.S. women that are within
the range of typical U.S. exposures
 Mercury causes heart attacks in adults
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36. How We Compare - of Unhealthy Air Days - 2010
Number
2010
Illinois, Indiana and Michigan Counties with >3 Unhealthy Air Days
Indiana, Illinois & Michigan Counties >2 Unhealthy Days
IN-Pike 49
IL-Tazewell 36
IL-Cook 23
MI-Wayne 20
IN-Floyd 16
IN-Daviess 16
IL-Madison 16
IN-Vigo 14
Indiana 154
IN-Wayne 11
IN-Marion 10
Illinois 92
IN-Lake 7 Michigan 51
MI-St. Clair 6
MI-Macomb 6
IN-Morgan 6
IN-St. Joseph 5
MI-Muskegon 4
IN-Porter 4
IN-Clark 4
IL-Lake 4
MI-Schoolcraft 3
IN-Warrick 3 36
IN-LaPorte 3

37. How Can Indiana Improve Air Quality?
 Support public transit to reduce traffic congestion and
mobile source pollution
 Reduce power plant emissions through energy efficiency
 Encourage shift to cleaner energy sources
 Need for improved compliance monitoring and
enforcement by IDEM
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38. How Can Indiana Improve Air Quality?
 Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)
 This rule, known as the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
(CSAPR), requires states to significantly improve air quality
by reducing power plant emissions that cross state lines and
contribute to ozone and fine particle pollution in other states
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39. How Can Indiana Improve Air Quality?
 MATS--the mercury rule
 The final rule establishes power plant emission standards for mercury,
acid gases, and non‐mercury
metallic toxic pollutants that will: prevent 90 percent of the mercury in
coal burned in power plants from being emitted to the air; reduce 88
percent of acid gas emissions from power plants; and cut 41 percent
of sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants beyond the reductions
expected from the Cross State Air Pollution Rule. State has three years
to comply
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40. How Can Indiana Improve Air Quality?
 Global warming
 EPA has released a Greenhouse Gas Database. The database
shows known emissions and data from states that have done
greenhouse gas inventories.
 Indiana is one of six states that have done nothing.
Bloomington has done a greenhouse gas inventory
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41. Contact Information
 Richard M. Van Frank, IKE Board of Directors
 (317) 442-2531
 vanfrank@iquest.net
 IKE website:
www.ikecoalition.org
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