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Leader in continuing dental education
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3. WITS APPRAISAL
• Since the introduction of ANB angle,it has been
one of the most popular means of cephalometric
evaluation of the A-P relationship of apical
bases.
• There are many situations in which ANB reading
cannot be relied upon.
• Purpose of Wits appraisal is to identify these
instances where ANB reading does not
accurately reflect the extent of A-P jaw
dysplasia.
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4. • Relating the jaws to SN plane has certain
inherent inconsistencies because of
possible variations in the craniofacial
physiognomy ,such as• 1) The A-P position of nasion relative to
jaws.
• 2) The rotational effect of jaws relative to
cranial reference plane.
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5. Effect of position of Nasion
A) Normal relationship
B) Nasion forward due
to long cranial base.
C) Nasion
retropositioned due
to short cranial base.
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6. Effect of angulation of jaws,
occlusal plane on ANB angle
A) Normal relationship.
B) Effect of
counterclockwise
rotation of face .
C) Effect of clockwise
rotation of face.
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7. •
Recognizing these shortcomings of ANB angle,
number of authors came up with alternative method-
1)
Jenkins (1955)-used functional occlusal plane.
1)
Harvold (1963)- Projected points A and B onto occlusal
plane. Termed the resulting measurement as A-B
difference.
2)
Jacobson (1975)- Published the classic article, “The
Wits appraisal of jaw disharmony”
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8. • ‘WITS’- abbreviation for university of
witswatersrand,Johannesburg,South Africa.
• According to Jacobson- It is not an analysis per
se;rather it is intended as a diagnostic aid
whereby the severity or degree of A-P
disharmony can be measured.
• Measure of extent to which jaws are related to
each other A-P, independent of relationship to
cranial landmarks.
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9. • Occlusal plane is
drawn through the
region of overlapping
cusps of premolars &
molars.
• Perpendiculars are
drawn on occlusal
plane from points A &
B.
• Contact points
labelled as AO & BO.
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10. • In a sample of 21 adult males selected on basis of
excellence of occlusion, it was found that BO was
approx. 1mm ahead of AO.
• In 25 adult females ,AO & BO coincided.
• Therefore average jaw relationship according to wits
reading is –
-1mm in males
0mm in females
Clinical Significance - In skeletal class II,BO located well
behind AO.
In skeletal class III,BO would be forward of point AO.
Greater the wits reading – Greater the jaw discrepancy.
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11. Applications of wits appraisal
•
The ANB angle is shown to be affected by several enviornmental
factors,diagnosis based on this angle may give false results,in
certain cases.
•
Factors affecting ANB angle-
•
1) Patient’s age- ANB has a definite tendency to reduce with
increasing age.
•
2) Change in spatial position of nasion.
•
3) Rotational effect of jaws
•
4) Change in the angle SN to occlusal plane.
•
5) The degree of facial prognathism.
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12. •
•
6) Mandibular plane angle –
High angle suggests a
divergent type profile,
clockwise rotation of jaws,
resultant increase in ANB
reading.
•
In many cases where SNA,
SNB angles are in no way
representative of jaw
disharmony, wits appraisal
may be conveniently applied.
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13. • DRAWBACKS – Largely dependent on correct location
or representation of the occlusal plane. Sometimes right
& left sides of posterior teeth don’t always coincide.
• In mixed dentition with deep bite,constructed occlusal
plane may differ considerably from functional occlusal
plane of deciduous & permanent molars
• If curve of spee is deep,it may be difficult to follow the
plane of maximum intercuspation.
• The angulation of functional occlusal plane to
pterygomaxillary vertical plane has been shown to
decrease from age 4 to 24.
•
( Sherman,Woods,Nanda, AJO-DO,May 1988)
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14. • As growth takes place,there is change in
position of B point,which is masked by
increasing prominence of the chin.
• The ‘wits’ appraisal is intended not as a
single diagnostic criteria but as an
additional measurement, which may be
included in the existing cephalometric
analysis to aid in the assessment of the
degree of A-P jaw disharmony .
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15. SASSOUNI’S ANALYSIS
• First published in AJO 1955,won first prize in
Essay contest sponsored by American
Association of Orthodontics.
• According to sassouni- “Architecture of skull is
result of many forces ,genetic forces,growth
forces,muscular,functional,enviornmental forces
on the adaptable bony substance.”
• At each period of life the skull is the end result of
the interaction of these forces.
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16. • Problem – How can we study the architecture ?
• What is the significance of this architecture for diagnosis
and treatment?
• Are disturbances or disproportions in facial architecture
possible etiological factors in orthodontics, oral surgery,
prosthetics & periodontics ?
• Aim – To find some acceptably constant relationships in
the architecture of the head & to use them for diagnosis
& treatment.
• Material – 100 lateral head X-ray films (51 girls,49 boys).
White children of Mediterranean racial origin.
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18. • 4 Anterior cranial
base plane
angle,OS’- parallel to
axis of upper contour
of anterior cranial
base & tangent to
inferior border of
sella turcica
• 5 Ramal plane –
Tangent to posterior
border of ascending
ramus.
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19. •
ARCS-
•
1 Anterior arc – Between
anterior cranial base plane
& mandibular plane,with O
as center & O – ANS as
radius.
•
2 Posterior arc – Between
anterior cranial base plane
& mandibular base plane,O
centre, OSp as radius. ( Sp is
most posterior point on rear
margin of sella turcica )
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20. • Analysis- Mandible, Palate and Anterior cranial base are
examined.
• Mandible – 3 types
• 1 Curved – Upward traction forces at gonion &
downward pulling force at the menton are in equilibrium.
• 2 Oblique – Upward traction & downward pulling forces
seem to be so strong that we have a notch just anterior
to the gonial insertion of masseter.
• 3 Horizontal - Upward traction forces at gonion seems to
be greater than downward pulling forces at menton.
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22. Palate
• Horizontal – Line
connecting ANS-PNS
passes through bony
structure of the palate.
• Convex – Line passes
above the bony structure
of palate.
• Concave – Line passes
below the bony structure
of palate.
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24. Key Ridge
• Presents 2 shapes –
Vertical & straight ,or Ilike.
• Double curved,like a
reverse 3 or like a sigma.
• Relation- When palate is
concave or convex,key
ridge is sigma like.
• When palate is
horizontal;key ridge is I –
like.
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25. Relationship between mandibular plane,occlusal
plane,palatal plane & anterior cranial base plane
• In a well proportioned
face, all meet posteriorly
at the same point O.
• If we draw a circle from O
as a center,with O-ANS
as radius,it passes
through –
pogonion,nasion,ANS,
incisal edge of upper
incisor.
• All these points are
equidistant from O.
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26. Posterior relationship in a well–proportioned face
•
•
If we draw a circle with O as
center,passing through
posterior wall of sella turcica
(Sp),it also passes through
gonion.
It can be said that –
•
A) Gonion & posterior wall of
sella turcica are equidistant
from O.
•
B) Anterior cranial base &
corpal length of mandible are
equal in length & position.
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27. Relationship between anterior & posterior arcs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Face is delimited by –
Above by anterior cranial base
plane,OS’.
Below by mandibular plane
,OG.
Anteriorly by arc passing
through ANS.
Posteriorly by arc passing
through Sp
Proportion between anterior &
posterior arcs is a function of angle S’O G , ratio of both
radii Ra (O-ANS) / Rp (O-SP).
Combination of S’OG and
Ra/Rp is facial index.
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28. Relationships between angles
• Angle S’OG (Mandibular
cranial angle) is unique to
each individual face.
• Angle S’ON
(Palatocranial ) = Angle
NOG (Palatomandibular)
• Angle NOP
(Occlusopalatal ) is
between 1/1 & 1/2 Angle
POG (occlusomandibular)
• Angle POG is always
larger than angle NOP in
a well proportioned face.
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29. Classification of facial types
• I – Anterior cranial base
plane does not meet
three other planes at
common point O.
• II – Palatal plane does
not meet at O.
• III – Occlusal plane does
not meet at O.
• IV – Mandibular plane
does not meet at O.
• Type A – Plane passes
above point O.
• Type B – Below point O.
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30. • In the sample studied ,type II facial pattern
was most frequent.
• Normal occlusion is condition necessary
but not sufficient for a well proportioned
face.
• Among 50 cases with normal
occlusion,only 16 had well proportioned
faces.
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31. Classification based on vertical Proportions
• I Equal – Upper &
lower faces are equal.
Cranial base plane ANS = ANS – M.P.
II Minus – Lower face
is smaller than upper
face.
III Plus – Lower face is
larger.
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32. Classification of profile
• I Archial – Anterior
arc passes through
Na,ANS,upper incisor
edge,pogonion.
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33. • II Pre archial –
ANS,Upper
incisor,Pogonion are
situated anterior to
anterior arc passing
through Na.
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34. • III Post archial –
Situated posterior to
anterior arc.
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35. • Convex – ANS,Upper
incisor , are situated
anterior to anterior arc
passing by
Na,Pogonion.
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36. • Concave – ANS &
upper incisor are
situated posterior to
anterior arc passing
by Na & pogonion.
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37. Conclusions
• A complete well proportioned face as seen on
lateral X ray film is one in which –
• 1) Four facial planes meet at point O.
• 2) Anterior upper & lower faces are equal.
• 3) Posterior upper & lower faces are equal.
• 4) Profile is archial.
• 5) Corpus of mandible is equal in size & position
to the anterior cranial base.
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38. • Thus there can be number of well
proportioned faces as it is a question of
proportion & not of absolute size.
• Acc. To Sassouni : “We have to admit that
there is no universal normality; there is no
norm which can be applied
indiscriminately to every body”
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39. The Sassouni cephalometric analysis – A Racial
Comparison.
Dr. Ashima Valiathan J.I.D.A.1977
•
Compared the caucasians,Negro,Indian profiles. Findings –
•
1) Majority of caucasians have archial profile, majority of Indians
have post archial ( 65%) ,largest number of negroes presented with
a post-archial profile.
•
2) Both Indians & Negroes showed an overall procumbency of the
anterior teeth.
•
3) Compared to caucasians who showed equal upper & lower facial
heights,in Indians the anterior & posterior lower facial height were
more.
•
4) Corpus of mandible was found to be longer than the cranial base
in Indians as well as Negroes.
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40. JARABAK ANALYSIS
• Presented by Joseph R .Jarabak in 1972.
• Composite analysis, takes into account
the skeletal aspects of growth as
described by Bjork.
• Analysis can be used in clinical
assessment of growth events to follow,
shows how to design treatment in
anticipation of these growth events.
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41. • Takes into account ,the relationship
between anterior & posterior cranial base,
face & cranium, cranium & mandible.
• Interpret how craniofacial growth will
influence the dentition during treatment or
post treatment growth period.
.
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42. • A feature of analysis is POLYGON, Na – S – Ar –
Go - Me to assess
anterior & posterior face
height relationships & to
predict the direction of
growth changes in lower
face.
• Basis of approach is
relationship of 3 angles• 1 Saddle angle- Na-S-Ar
• 2 Articular angle- S-Ar-Go
• 3 Gonial angle- Ar-Go-Me
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43. • At age 11, anterior cranial base ( S-Na) should
equal to mandibular body length ( Go-Me).
• Ideal ratio of posterior cranial base length ( S-Ar)
to ramus height ( Ar-Go) is 3:4.
• CLOCKWISE GROWTH CHANGE – If sum of 3
angles is > 396°, ratio of posterior ( S-Go) to
anterior face height ( N-Me) is 56% to 64%.
• Anterior face height is increasing rapidly,
downward & backward growth change at
symphysis, & anterior open bite tendency.
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45. • COUNTERCLOCKWISE CHANGE –
• 3 angles sum is < 396°,ratio of posterior to
anterior face height 65 to 80 %.
• More rapidly increasing posterior face
height, forward growth of condyle,anterior
deep bite tendency.
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46. • Sample –
• Origin – some of the measurments were
described & taken . Bjork cephalometric
analysis.
• Facial growth predictions were made after
the age of 10 yrs, using the mean values
based on 200 treated cases, 5 yrs after
treatment.
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47. MEASUREMENTS
• Saddle angle – Cranial
base bend formed by
joining N-S-Ar. Mean
Value – 123 ± 5°.
• Among Indians mean
value 124 ± 4°. North
Indians have a higher
saddle angle, indicate a
slightly posterior position
of mandible.
• ( Manish Valiathan
,Ashima Valiathan,
V.Ravinder, JIOS 2001).
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48. • Large angle – Mandibular fossa growth will be
more posterior for the remaining growth
increment. Leads to increase in length of body of
mandible , arrangement of ascending ramus if
face has to remain orthognathic.
• If mandibular body length is same or shorter
than anterior cranial base, face will be
retrognathic & continue to grow that way.
• If angle is small,it tends to increase facial
prognathism.
• An extremely small angle can be seen in
achondroplastic patients.
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49. • Flexure in saddle angle can be either large
or small in 3 body types.
• Higher angle – ectomorphs,
• lower angles – endomorphic &
mesomorphic pattern.
• Lokar showed in a stastically significant
sample that a small saddle angle is one of
the most frequently seen characteristics of
skeletal class III malocclusions.
• Saddle angle is in no way influenced by
orthodontic treatment.
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50. • Articular angle – is
between S-Ar-Go.
• Mean value – 143 ±
6°.
• Indian – 141 ± 2°.
• Can be changed by
orthodontic treatment.
• If bite is opened by
extrusion of teeth or
by driving molars
distally, angle will
increase.
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51. • If bite is closed by moving posterior teeth
anteriorly,articular angle will decrease.
• Females have a slightly higher articular
angle than males indicating that females
have a retrognathic mandibles in
comparison with males.
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52. •
•
•
•
Gonial angle- between Ar-Go-Gn.
Expresses the form of mandible & its growth
direction.
Mean value – 128 ± 7°
Indian – 120 ± 1°
Manner in which ascending ramus & mandibular
body are related to each other to form gonial
angle determines how the mandibular growth will
influence facial structure.
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53. • To determine the angular
relationship in which the
ramus & mandibular body
are put together angle is
divided into 2 parts –
• upper & lower gonial
angle by facial depth line
through a tangent of
lower border of mandible
& posterior surface of
ascending ramus.
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54. • Upper angle – Slant of ramus .
• Mean value – 52° – 55°
• Indian value – 51° ,South Indian males show a higher
value.
•
•
•
•
Lower angle – Slant of body of mandible.
Mean value – 70 ° – 75 °
Indian value - 69°
If upper angle is large, remaining growth increment will
be in sagittal direction.
• If it is small, remaining increment will be downward or
downward & backward.
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55. • Thus on completion of treatment,an
allowance for growth must be made,
leaving a somewhat greater overjet.
• Provides incisive freedom between
anterior teeth.
• Otherwise either mandibular crowding
may follow or anterior teeth may begin to
assume a class III relationship.
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56. Ramus height
• Distance between Go
& Ar.
• Mean value – 44 ±
5mm.
• Boys – 40 – 46mm.
• Girls – 38 – 40 mm.
• Indian value;
• Males : 51 – 54 mm
• Females: 47mm.
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57. • In boys ramus height increases 1 – 2
mm /yr , in girls : ¾ to 1 ¼ mm/ yr.
• As long as 3: 4 ratio ( posterior cranial
length to ramus height ) prevails children
having small faces would show favorable
downward mandibular growth.
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58. Mandibular body length
• From Go – Me.
• Mean value : 71± 5mm.
• Increase in mandibular body length contributes
little to total facial prognathism, tend to increase
mandibular prognathism.
• A good incisor relation van go into class III, open
bite as a result of increase in ramus &
mandibular body length.
• Usually happens when – saddle angle is small,
mandibular body length to cranial base length is
> than 1.1 : 1: ; ramus height is more than 46mm
& upper gonial angle is large.
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59. Posterior & Anterior facial height
• Ratio of posterior to
anterior face height of 56
– 62 % indicates
clockwise growing face.
• 65 – 82 % - higher
posterior facial growth
takes place, face grew
counter – clockwise.
• If posterior face is short ,
one can expect face to be
more retrognathic.
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61. Facial depth & Facial length
• Facial depth –
distance from Na to
Go.
• Facial length –
distance from sella to
the intersecting lines
of facial & mandibular
planes
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62. • Facial depth increases with growth in
almost all faces.
• Increment is greater when both gonial
angles are small.
• Facial length is a function of horizontal &
vertical growth combined, will be greater
where growth increments of lower face are
more horizontal than vertical.
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63. DENTURE ANALYSIS
• Mandibular incisors to
facial plane –
• Ideally : 2mm in front or
behind facial plane.
• if posterior to plane,chin
are prominent, & lips are
withdrawn. ( Dished in).
• Anterior to facial plane :
lower face has a denture
prominence.
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64. • Ideal relation of maxillary teeth to facial
plane is 5 ± 2 mm.
• In Indians, South Indian show greater
maxillary dental protrusion; South Indian
females have greater mandibular dental
protrusion.
• Maxillary incisor to SN plane – Mean
angulation : 102 ± 2°.
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65. Relating Mandibular molars to symphysis
• Linear measurement
of distance from
mandibular 1st molar
( crown or mesial
root) to posterior
border of symphysis.
• Indirectly tells abount
the degree of overbite
that may develop in
retention & post
retention periods.
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66. • If distance from these 2 points decreases
as a result of treatment , it indicates
molars were moved forward.
• Will result in increased overbite after teeth
have settled in function
• If roots & crowns moved in different
amounts , means molar were tipped
during treatment.
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67. SOFT TISSUE PROFILE
• Analysis uses Rickett’s E plane because
of its simplicity ,reliability & chair side use.
• Esthetic E line : straight line from tip of
nose to tip of chin.
• Desirable relation : Lower lip lightly
touches the straight edge & upper lip is 2
– 4 mm behind E line.
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71. • Nose being the most changeable of the 2
reference structures, has a profound
influence on relations of lips to the E
plane.
• Influence is not seen before 14 th yr.
• From 14 – 18 yrs it grows considerably in
boys.
• Generally prominent in malocclusions
characterized by forward maxilla.
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72. REFERENCES
• 1 Valiathan A : Sassouni’s Cephalometric
analysis – A racial comparison. J I D A 1977;
49 : 393 – 95.
• 2 Valiathan M, Valiathan A, V.Ravinder: Jarabak
analysis reborn. J I O S 2001;34 : 66 -76.
• 3 Jarabak, Fizzell: Technique and treatment with
light wire edgewise appliance.St. Louis, Mosby ,
2nd edtn,Vol I ; Pg- 131 – 166.
• 4 Sassouni V. : A roentgenographic
cephalometric analysis of cephalo-facial dental
relationships. AJO 1955; 735 -61.
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73. • 5 Jacobson: Wits appraisal of jaw disharmony.
AJO 1975.
• 6 Sherman, Woods, Nanda: Longitudinal effects
of growth on wits appraisal. AJO 1988.
• 7 Samir E. Bishara, Julie A. Fahl, Larry C.
Peterson: Longitudinal changes in ANB angle
and wits appraisal – Clinical implications. AJO
1983;84 (2): 133 -39
• 8 Jacobson : Introduction to radiographic
cephalometry. Lea & Febgier, Philadelphia;
1985,2nd edtn. Pg-63 – 71.
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