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ANCHORING AND ADJUSMENT



        In front of you is a wheel of fortune. The perimeter is lined with and array of numbers,
and after the wheel is given a spin, the needle lands on 65. You are not confronted with a
question: is the percentage of African countries in united nations greater or less than 65? Nota
matter you have thought much about, but nonetheless, you are fairly sure that the percentage is
less than 65.

        In fact, just such a procedure, yielding identical result, was conducted by Amos Tversky
and Daniel Kahneman (1974). Subjects who were randomly assigned to an experimental
condition in which the needle landed on 65 subsequently gave a median estimate of 45 percent,
and percent. Tversky and Kahneman explained this phenomenon in terms of down from original
starting value, or “anchor”

        Since the time of Tversky and Kahneman (1974) study, anchoring has been documented
in estimates as diverse as the percentage of working mothers with children under age 5, the
proportion of Iranians who are Islamic, the percentage of chemistry professors who are women
and the share of soap operas carried by NBC (Quattrone, Lawrence,Warren,Souza-
Silva,Finkel,& Andrus, 1984). Anchoring has also been found with nonnumerical problems
(Quatrone,1982) for example George Quatrone and his colleagues (1984) showed that randomly
assigned anchors, in the form of positive or negative essays, can affect opinions about the SALT
II arms control treaty. And Daniel Cervone and Philip Peake (1986) discovered that arbitrary
anchors can influence people’s estimate of how well they will perform at various problem
solving task-estimates which in turn affect their persistence in working on such task.

THINKING ABOUT THE UNTHINKABLE

        On fortunately, most studies of anchoring have tended to focus on issues about which
people have title familiarity or concern: the percentage of African nations in the United Nations,
soap operas carried by NBC, female chemistry professors, and so forth. Relatively few studies
have focused on wheter estimates can be anchored when people care deeply about the topic,
when they have previously thought about the issue, or when they know the area fairly well.
Perhaps the most extreme example of such an issue is the likelihood of nuclear war. In contrast
to other topics in the anchoring literature, the likelihood of nuclear war is an deal. The question
is, then wheter a manipulation as simple as providing a high or low anchor value can effect
beliefs about a great deal. The question is, then ,whether there will be a nuclear war. To answer
this question, I distributed several variations of an anchoring survey to more than 2000
responden between January 1985 and may 1987.
HOW REAL IS REAL ESTATE?

        The effect of anchoring are in no way limited to ethereal estimates such as the likelihood
of nuclear war to the effectiveness of strategic defenses. For example, budgetary appropriations
from one year may anchor appropriations for the next, and initial positions in a negotiation may
anchor later ones. There is also evidence that telling jurors to consider verdicts in an order that
runs from harsher to most lenient-currently standard practice in murder trials-leads to harsher
verdicts than telling them to consider lenient verdicts first (Greenberg, Williams, & O’Brian,
1986).

FURTHER EXAMPLES OF ANCHORING

        You are asked to estimate how thick a piece of paper would be if it were folded in on
itself 100 times. Only rarely do people gives estimates larger than a few yards of meters, yet the
correct answer, given an initial sheet of paper 0.1 millimeter thick, is roughly 1.27 x 1023
kilometers-more than 800,000,000,000,000 times the distance between the earth and the sun! this
answer surprise many people because they begin by imagining the first few folds and do not
adjust their estimate upward sufficiently for the playing the thickness of the paper by the total
number of layers (2100). This number works out to be 1.27 x 1029 millimeters, or 1.27 x 1023
kilometers

CONCLUSION

       The effect of anchoring are pervasive and extremely robust. More than a dozen studies
point in the same direction: people adjust insulfficiently from anchor values, regardless of
whether the judgment concerns the chanes of nuclear war, the value themselves often go
unnoticed. The fisrt step toward protection, then, is to be aware of any suggested that seem
unusually high or low. These are the anchor values most likely to produce biases in judgment.
Anchoring DAN penyesuaian

Di depan Anda adalah roda keberuntungan. perimeter tersebut dipagari dengan dan array angka,
dan setelah roda diberikan spin, tanah jarum pada 65. Anda tidak dihadapkan dengan pertanyaan:
adalah persentase dari negara-negara Afrika di negara-negara bersatu yang lebih besar atau lebih
kecil dari 65? materi Nota Anda telah memikirkan banyak tentang, tapi tetap saja, Anda cukup
yakin bahwa persentase kurang dari 65.
Pada kenyataannya, hanya seperti prosedur, menghasilkan hasil identik, dilakukan oleh Amos
dan Daniel Kahneman Tversky (1974). Subyek yang secara acak ditugaskan untuk kondisi
eksperimental yang jarum mendarat di 65 selanjutnya memberikan perkiraan median 45 persen,
dan persen. Tversky dan Kahneman menjelaskan fenomena dalam hal turun dari nilai awal asli,
atau "jangkar"
Sejak saat Tversky dan Kahneman (1974) studi, penahan telah didokumentasikan dalam
perkiraan yang beragam seperti persentase ibu yang bekerja dengan anak-anak di bawah usia 5,
proporsi Iran yang Islam, persentase profesor kimia yang perempuan dan bagian dari opera sabun
dibawa oleh NBC (Quattrone, Lawrence, Warren, Souza-Silva, Finkel, & Andrus, 1984).
Anchoring juga telah ditemukan dengan masalah nonnumerical (Quatrone, 1982) misalnya
George Quatrone dan rekan-rekannya (1984) menunjukkan bahwa secara acak jangkar, dalam
bentuk esai positif atau negatif, dapat mempengaruhi pendapat tentang perjanjian kontrol II
GARAM senjata. Dan Daniel Cervone dan Philip Peake (1986) menemukan bahwa jangkar
sewenang-wenang dapat mempengaruhi perkiraan orang tentang seberapa baik mereka akan
tampil di berbagai pemecahan masalah tugas-perkiraan yang pada gilirannya mempengaruhi
ketekunan mereka dalam bekerja pada tugas tersebut.
BERPIKIR TENTANG tak terpikirkan
Pada untungnya, kebanyakan studi anchoring cenderung berfokus pada isu-isu tentang apa yang
orang telah terbiasa judul atau kepedulian: persentase negara Afrika di PBB, opera sabun dibawa
oleh NBC, profesor kimia perempuan, dan sebagainya. Relatif sedikit penelitian yang difokuskan
pada perkiraan keduanya, dapat berlabuh ketika orang sangat peduli tentang topik ini, ketika
mereka telah diperkirakan sebelumnya tentang masalah ini, atau ketika mereka tahu daerah
tersebut cukup baik. Mungkin contoh yang paling ekstrim seperti masalah adalah kemungkinan
perang nuklir. Berbeda dengan topik lain dalam literatur anchoring, kemungkinan perang nuklir
adalah sebuah kesepakatan. Pertanyaannya adalah, maka keduanya, manipulasi yang sederhana
seperti menyediakan jangkar tinggi atau rendah nilai dapat mempengaruhi keyakinan tentang
banyak hal. Pertanyaannya adalah, kemudian, apakah akan ada perang nuklir. Untuk menjawab
pertanyaan ini, saya membagikan beberapa variasi survei anchoring ke lebih dari 2000 responden
antara Januari 1985 dan mungkin 1987.

BAGAIMANA REAL IS REAL ESTATE?
Pengaruh anchoring sama sekali tidak terbatas pada perkiraan ethereal seperti kemungkinan
perang nuklir dengan efektivitas pertahanan strategis. Sebagai contoh, alokasi anggaran dari satu
tahun dapat jangkar alokasi untuk selanjutnya, dan posisi awal dalam negosiasi mungkin jangkar
yang kemudian. Ada juga bukti bahwa mengatakan juri untuk mempertimbangkan vonis dalam
urutan yang berlangsung dari lebih keras untuk berlatih paling toleran-saat ini standar dalam
percobaan pembunuhan-mengarah ke vonis lebih berat daripada menyuruh mereka untuk
mempertimbangkan vonis ringan pertama (Greenberg, Williams, & O'Brian, 1986).
LEBIH LANJUT CONTOH anchoring
Anda diminta untuk memperkirakan seberapa tebal selembar kertas akan jika itu dilipat ke dalam
dirinya sendiri 100 kali. Hanya jarang orang memberikan perkiraan lebih besar dari beberapa
meter meter, namun jawaban yang benar, diberikan lembar awal kertas tebal 0,1 milimeter, kira-
kira 1,27 x 1023 kilometer-lebih dari 800.000.000.000.000 kali jarak antara bumi dan matahari!
banyak orang ini mengejutkan dijawab karena mereka mulai dengan membayangkan lipatan
pertama dan tidak menyesuaikan perkiraan mereka ke atas cukup untuk memainkan ketebalan
kertas dengan jumlah lapisan (2100). Jumlah ini bekerja keluar menjadi 1,27 x 1029 mm, atau
1,27 x 1023 kilometer
KESIMPULAN
Pengaruh anchoring yang meluas dan sangat kuat. Lebih dari selusin titik studi di arah yang
sama: orang menyesuaikan insulfficiently dari jangkar nilai, terlepas dari apakah keprihatinan
penghakiman Chanes perang nuklir, nilai sendiri sering terjadi tanpa disadari. Langkah fisrt
terhadap perlindungan, kemudian, adalah untuk dapat mengetahui setiap menyarankan yang
kelihatannya luar biasa tinggi atau rendah. Ini adalah jangkar nilai yang paling mungkin untuk
menghasilkan bias dalam penilaian.

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04 anchoring and adjusment

  • 1. ANCHORING AND ADJUSMENT In front of you is a wheel of fortune. The perimeter is lined with and array of numbers, and after the wheel is given a spin, the needle lands on 65. You are not confronted with a question: is the percentage of African countries in united nations greater or less than 65? Nota matter you have thought much about, but nonetheless, you are fairly sure that the percentage is less than 65. In fact, just such a procedure, yielding identical result, was conducted by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman (1974). Subjects who were randomly assigned to an experimental condition in which the needle landed on 65 subsequently gave a median estimate of 45 percent, and percent. Tversky and Kahneman explained this phenomenon in terms of down from original starting value, or “anchor” Since the time of Tversky and Kahneman (1974) study, anchoring has been documented in estimates as diverse as the percentage of working mothers with children under age 5, the proportion of Iranians who are Islamic, the percentage of chemistry professors who are women and the share of soap operas carried by NBC (Quattrone, Lawrence,Warren,Souza- Silva,Finkel,& Andrus, 1984). Anchoring has also been found with nonnumerical problems (Quatrone,1982) for example George Quatrone and his colleagues (1984) showed that randomly assigned anchors, in the form of positive or negative essays, can affect opinions about the SALT II arms control treaty. And Daniel Cervone and Philip Peake (1986) discovered that arbitrary anchors can influence people’s estimate of how well they will perform at various problem solving task-estimates which in turn affect their persistence in working on such task. THINKING ABOUT THE UNTHINKABLE On fortunately, most studies of anchoring have tended to focus on issues about which people have title familiarity or concern: the percentage of African nations in the United Nations, soap operas carried by NBC, female chemistry professors, and so forth. Relatively few studies have focused on wheter estimates can be anchored when people care deeply about the topic, when they have previously thought about the issue, or when they know the area fairly well. Perhaps the most extreme example of such an issue is the likelihood of nuclear war. In contrast to other topics in the anchoring literature, the likelihood of nuclear war is an deal. The question is, then wheter a manipulation as simple as providing a high or low anchor value can effect beliefs about a great deal. The question is, then ,whether there will be a nuclear war. To answer this question, I distributed several variations of an anchoring survey to more than 2000 responden between January 1985 and may 1987.
  • 2. HOW REAL IS REAL ESTATE? The effect of anchoring are in no way limited to ethereal estimates such as the likelihood of nuclear war to the effectiveness of strategic defenses. For example, budgetary appropriations from one year may anchor appropriations for the next, and initial positions in a negotiation may anchor later ones. There is also evidence that telling jurors to consider verdicts in an order that runs from harsher to most lenient-currently standard practice in murder trials-leads to harsher verdicts than telling them to consider lenient verdicts first (Greenberg, Williams, & O’Brian, 1986). FURTHER EXAMPLES OF ANCHORING You are asked to estimate how thick a piece of paper would be if it were folded in on itself 100 times. Only rarely do people gives estimates larger than a few yards of meters, yet the correct answer, given an initial sheet of paper 0.1 millimeter thick, is roughly 1.27 x 1023 kilometers-more than 800,000,000,000,000 times the distance between the earth and the sun! this answer surprise many people because they begin by imagining the first few folds and do not adjust their estimate upward sufficiently for the playing the thickness of the paper by the total number of layers (2100). This number works out to be 1.27 x 1029 millimeters, or 1.27 x 1023 kilometers CONCLUSION The effect of anchoring are pervasive and extremely robust. More than a dozen studies point in the same direction: people adjust insulfficiently from anchor values, regardless of whether the judgment concerns the chanes of nuclear war, the value themselves often go unnoticed. The fisrt step toward protection, then, is to be aware of any suggested that seem unusually high or low. These are the anchor values most likely to produce biases in judgment.
  • 3. Anchoring DAN penyesuaian Di depan Anda adalah roda keberuntungan. perimeter tersebut dipagari dengan dan array angka, dan setelah roda diberikan spin, tanah jarum pada 65. Anda tidak dihadapkan dengan pertanyaan: adalah persentase dari negara-negara Afrika di negara-negara bersatu yang lebih besar atau lebih kecil dari 65? materi Nota Anda telah memikirkan banyak tentang, tapi tetap saja, Anda cukup yakin bahwa persentase kurang dari 65. Pada kenyataannya, hanya seperti prosedur, menghasilkan hasil identik, dilakukan oleh Amos dan Daniel Kahneman Tversky (1974). Subyek yang secara acak ditugaskan untuk kondisi eksperimental yang jarum mendarat di 65 selanjutnya memberikan perkiraan median 45 persen, dan persen. Tversky dan Kahneman menjelaskan fenomena dalam hal turun dari nilai awal asli, atau "jangkar" Sejak saat Tversky dan Kahneman (1974) studi, penahan telah didokumentasikan dalam perkiraan yang beragam seperti persentase ibu yang bekerja dengan anak-anak di bawah usia 5, proporsi Iran yang Islam, persentase profesor kimia yang perempuan dan bagian dari opera sabun dibawa oleh NBC (Quattrone, Lawrence, Warren, Souza-Silva, Finkel, & Andrus, 1984). Anchoring juga telah ditemukan dengan masalah nonnumerical (Quatrone, 1982) misalnya George Quatrone dan rekan-rekannya (1984) menunjukkan bahwa secara acak jangkar, dalam bentuk esai positif atau negatif, dapat mempengaruhi pendapat tentang perjanjian kontrol II GARAM senjata. Dan Daniel Cervone dan Philip Peake (1986) menemukan bahwa jangkar sewenang-wenang dapat mempengaruhi perkiraan orang tentang seberapa baik mereka akan tampil di berbagai pemecahan masalah tugas-perkiraan yang pada gilirannya mempengaruhi ketekunan mereka dalam bekerja pada tugas tersebut. BERPIKIR TENTANG tak terpikirkan Pada untungnya, kebanyakan studi anchoring cenderung berfokus pada isu-isu tentang apa yang orang telah terbiasa judul atau kepedulian: persentase negara Afrika di PBB, opera sabun dibawa oleh NBC, profesor kimia perempuan, dan sebagainya. Relatif sedikit penelitian yang difokuskan pada perkiraan keduanya, dapat berlabuh ketika orang sangat peduli tentang topik ini, ketika mereka telah diperkirakan sebelumnya tentang masalah ini, atau ketika mereka tahu daerah tersebut cukup baik. Mungkin contoh yang paling ekstrim seperti masalah adalah kemungkinan perang nuklir. Berbeda dengan topik lain dalam literatur anchoring, kemungkinan perang nuklir adalah sebuah kesepakatan. Pertanyaannya adalah, maka keduanya, manipulasi yang sederhana seperti menyediakan jangkar tinggi atau rendah nilai dapat mempengaruhi keyakinan tentang banyak hal. Pertanyaannya adalah, kemudian, apakah akan ada perang nuklir. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, saya membagikan beberapa variasi survei anchoring ke lebih dari 2000 responden antara Januari 1985 dan mungkin 1987. BAGAIMANA REAL IS REAL ESTATE? Pengaruh anchoring sama sekali tidak terbatas pada perkiraan ethereal seperti kemungkinan perang nuklir dengan efektivitas pertahanan strategis. Sebagai contoh, alokasi anggaran dari satu tahun dapat jangkar alokasi untuk selanjutnya, dan posisi awal dalam negosiasi mungkin jangkar yang kemudian. Ada juga bukti bahwa mengatakan juri untuk mempertimbangkan vonis dalam urutan yang berlangsung dari lebih keras untuk berlatih paling toleran-saat ini standar dalam percobaan pembunuhan-mengarah ke vonis lebih berat daripada menyuruh mereka untuk mempertimbangkan vonis ringan pertama (Greenberg, Williams, & O'Brian, 1986). LEBIH LANJUT CONTOH anchoring
  • 4. Anda diminta untuk memperkirakan seberapa tebal selembar kertas akan jika itu dilipat ke dalam dirinya sendiri 100 kali. Hanya jarang orang memberikan perkiraan lebih besar dari beberapa meter meter, namun jawaban yang benar, diberikan lembar awal kertas tebal 0,1 milimeter, kira- kira 1,27 x 1023 kilometer-lebih dari 800.000.000.000.000 kali jarak antara bumi dan matahari! banyak orang ini mengejutkan dijawab karena mereka mulai dengan membayangkan lipatan pertama dan tidak menyesuaikan perkiraan mereka ke atas cukup untuk memainkan ketebalan kertas dengan jumlah lapisan (2100). Jumlah ini bekerja keluar menjadi 1,27 x 1029 mm, atau 1,27 x 1023 kilometer KESIMPULAN Pengaruh anchoring yang meluas dan sangat kuat. Lebih dari selusin titik studi di arah yang sama: orang menyesuaikan insulfficiently dari jangkar nilai, terlepas dari apakah keprihatinan penghakiman Chanes perang nuklir, nilai sendiri sering terjadi tanpa disadari. Langkah fisrt terhadap perlindungan, kemudian, adalah untuk dapat mengetahui setiap menyarankan yang kelihatannya luar biasa tinggi atau rendah. Ini adalah jangkar nilai yang paling mungkin untuk menghasilkan bias dalam penilaian.