For a course for an amateur radio license.

2.  Waves and ionisation
 Atmosphere
 Ionosphere
 Troposphere
 Other methods

3.  Electromagnetic energy
 Models
 Waves
 Particles
 Electrical part
 Magnetic part
 Polarisation
 Vertical
 Horizontal

5.  Ion
 Protons != electrons
 Ionisation
 Removal or addition of an electron
 Energy

7.  Troposphere
 Ground to 7-17 km out - Temp dec. with height
 80% of the mass
 Stratosphere
 About 51 km out – Temp inc. with height
 Mesosphere
 80-85 km out – temp at – 85 deg C
 Thermosphere
 350 – 800 km out – temp +1 500 Deg C
 Exosphere

8.  Troposphere
 Thermosphere
 Exosphere
ionosphere

10.  100 – 300 km
 Ionisation of particles
 Sun
 Thin atmosphere
 Shell of electrons
 Layers
 Radio propagation
 “acts like a mirror”
 At certain frequencies

12.  D layer
 Ionising NO (some N2 and O2)
 Electron collision high
 Results in blocking of HF radio waves
 < 10 MHz
 Almost disappears after sunset
 HF can pass through if broadcasted directly up

13.  E (Heavyside) layer
 Ionisation of O2
 Refracts radio waves < 10 MHz
 Nordic area
 At night, increasing height inc. range
 Es layer
 Sporadic – best during the summer
 Refracts up to 50 Mhz
 Distance of 1000 km

14.  F (Appleton) layer
 Ionising of O – dense
 Refracts most HF radio waves (3-30 MHz)
 Skywaves
 F1 and F2 layers
 Exist during the day

15.  Fading
 Changes in the ionosphere
 Changes the polarisation
 Angle
 Critical angle
 Depends on ionosphere and frequency used
 Hi angle and Hi F pass through.

18.  Nordic region
 3.5 – 7 MHz
 Dipole
 Straight out
 Using D layer
 14 – 30 MHz
 Uses E and F layers (low elevation angle)
 2 000 – 4 000 Km

19.  DX traffic
 DX – distance
 Dipole or yagi array
 For Europe
 30 Deg
 0.5 Wave length
 Out side Europe
 1 -2 X wave length
 10 Deg 1.5 X wave length

20.  Its damp!
 99% of the water vapour!
 Effects radio transmissions
 Hi F = more absorption
 Used for VHF, UHF and SHF transmissions
 Line of sight
 20- 30 km (depends on power)
 Can scatter (refraction)
 Up to 2 000 km

21.  Earth-Moon-Earth (EME)
 144 MHz, 434 MHz and 1 296 MHz
 As far away as Australia!
 Meteors
 Same as EME
 Short burst
 Auroras
 > 25 MHz
 NW -> NE aerial