The document outlines India's industrial policies from 1948 to 1991. It discusses the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 which established the public sector's role in key industries. The 1956 policy expanded the public sector and aimed to reduce economic inequality and concentration of wealth. Industries were divided into public, mixed, and private sectors. The policies aimed to rapidly develop India's agriculture and industry while reducing poverty and inequality.

4. India’s Industrial Policies from 1948 to 1991

8. 3. Items of basic importance, would be planned and regulated by the Central government The following are such basic industries: Salt Automobiles and tractors Electric engineering Other heavy machinery Machine tools Heavy chemicals, Fertilizers and pharmaceuticals and drugs Rubber manufactures Power Cotton and woolen textiles Cement Sugar Paper and Newsprint Air and Sea transport, and so on

10. The healthy expansion of cottage and small scale industries depends upon a number of factors like the provision of raw materials, cheap power, technical advice, and where necessary, safeguards against intensive competition by large scale manufacture, as the education of the worker in the use of the best available technique. Most of these are receiving the attention of the Governments .

12. This policy also emphasised that industrial development of the country should be guided by the Directive Principles laid down in the Constitution. The 1956 Policy was regarded as the “ economic constitution of India “. Directive Principles: In its Directive Principles of State Policy, it is stated that – "The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life."

13. Further that- "The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing: that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub serve the common good; that the operation of the economic system dies not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; that there is equal pay for equal work for both men women; that childhood are protected against exploitation and so on.

15. The adoption of the socialist pattern of society as the national objective, as well as the need for planned and rapid development, require that all industries of basic and strategic importance, or in the nature of public utility services, should be in the public sector. Other industries, which are essential and require investment on a scale which only the state, has, therefore, to assume direct responsibility for the further development of industries over a wider area. Nevertheless, there are limiting factors, which make it necessary at this stage for the state to define the field in which it will undertake sole responsibility for further development, and to make a selection of industries in the development of which it will play dominant role. After considering all aspects of the problem in consultation with the Planning Commission, the Government of India have decided to classify industries into three categories, having regard to the part which the State would play in each of them. It should also be remembered that it is always open to the State to undertake any type of industrial production.

18. Mineral oil is one of a number of inexpensive byproducts that are made from petroleum. Sometimes referred to as paraffin oil , or liquid petroleum. ferrous is an adjective used to indicate the presence of iron. [1] The word is derived from the Latin word ferrum ( iron ). [2] Ferrous metals include steel and pig iron (which contain a few percent of carbon) and alloys of iron with other metals (such as stainless steel.) The term non-ferrous is used to indicate metals other than iron and alloys that do not contain an appreciable amount of iron. [3]

19. Mixed Sector In this list (Schedule B) 12 industries were included. These will be progressively State-owned and in which the State will, therefore, generally take the initiative in establishing new undertakings, but in which private enterprise will also be expected to supplement the efforts of the State.

21. The major producers in the India heavy chemical industry: Pidilite Industries Limited Asian Paints Balmer Lawrie Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited Ciba Specialty Chemicals ION Exchange Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Company Rallis United Phosphorus IFFCO Bayer CropScience Limited Hindustan Lever Limited Reliance Industries Limited Clariant India BASF India