Plate tectonics is the geological theory that the Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is broken into tectonic plates that move across the mantle. The theory was developed in the 1960s-1970s from evidence of seafloor spreading, paleomagnetism, and the distribution of fossils, earthquakes, and volcanoes. The Earth's interior is divided into layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of continental and oceanic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle, causing phenomena like subduction and seafloor spreading.

1. Tectonics
Plate
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2. Plate Tectonics
 The Earth's crust is made of pieces of rock called tectonic
plates.
 Plate tectonics is the study of how the Earth's crust is
shaped by geological forces. It relies on the understanding
that the crust is divided into large pieces, or plates, that sit
on the molten interior of the planet.
 The theory was formulated in the 1960s and 1970s as new
information was obtained about the nature of the ocean
floor, Earth's ancient magnetism, the distribution of
volcanoes and earthquakes, the flow of heat from Earth's
interior, and the worldwide distribution of plant and
animal fossils
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3. Structure of the Earth
 The interior of the Earth is divided into layers based on
chemical and physical properties.
 The Earth is made up of 3 main
layers:
 Core
 Mantle
 Crust
 The Earth has an outer
silica-rich, solid crust, a
highly viscous mantle, and a
core comprising a liquid outer
core that is much less viscous
than the mantle, and a solid inner core.
Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
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4. Structure of the Earth
The Crust
 This is where we live!
 Outermost layer
 5 – 100 km thick
 Made of Oxygen, Silicon,
Aluminum
 The Earth’s crust is made of:
 Continental Crust
thick (10-70km)
buoyant (less dense than oceanic crust)
mostly old
 Oceanic Crust
thin (~7 km)
dense (sinks under continental crust)
young
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5. Pangaea
 Alfred Wegener was a German
climatologist and arctic explorer
who suggested the concept of
continental drift.
 Continental drift is the idea that
the continents move round on
Earth’s surface.
 Wegener thought that the
continents we know today had
once been part of an earlier
supercontinent.
 He called this great landmass
Pangaea.
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6. Movement Of Continents
 The surface of Earth is broken
into many pieces like a giant
jigsaw puzzle.
 Plate tectonics describes how
these pieces move on Earth’s
surface.
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7. Evidence For Continental Drift
 Wegener’s belief was a scientific hypothesis based on
observations.
 Continental drift was accepted by all scientists because
there was no evidence at the time to explain how
continents could move.
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8. Evidence For Continental Drift
 Coal beds stretch across the eastern U.S. and continue across
southern Europe.
 Matching plant fossils are found in South America, Africa,
India, Australia, and Antarctica.
 Matching reptile fossils are found in South America and
Africa.
 Matching early mammal fossils are found in South America
and Africa.
 Fossils in South America and Africa are found in rocks of
identical age and type.
 Matching rock types and mountain belts occur in North
America and the British Isles, and Africa and South America.
 Evidence of glaciers is present in regions with warm, dry
climates. Continents that are close to the equator today were
once closer to the South Pole in the distant past.
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9. Map With Fossil Reaction
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10. Sea Floor Spreading
 American geophysicist Harry Hess helped develop the
theory of plate tectonics.
 While a Navy officer, Hess helped map the ocean floor.
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11. Undersea mountains
 Naval maps showed undersea mountain chains that
formed a continuous chain down the centers of the ocean
floors.
 Hess wondered if new ocean floor was created at these
mid-ocean ridges.
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13. Sea Floor Spreading Hypothesis
 Hess called his hypothesis
sea-floor spreading.
 The key was the discovery
that there are “magnetic
patterns” in the rocks on
either side of the mid-
ocean ridges.
 Matching magnetic
patterns and the age of
rocks on either side of
mid-ocean ridges provided
strong evidence for sea-
floor spreading.
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14. Moving Pieces Of The Lithosphere
 Scientists realized that large pieces of Earth’s surface
moved about like rafts on a river.
 These “rafts” are pieces of lithosphere called lithospheric
plates.
 Plate tectonics is the study of these lithospheric plates.
 There are two kinds of lithospheric plates:
 Oceanic plates and Continental plates.
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15. What Drives Lithospheric Plates?
 Convection cells in Earth’s
lower mantle drive the
lithospheric plates on the
surface.
 Heated lower mantle material
rises toward Earth’s surface.
 Cooling makes the nearby
material denser and it sinks
deeper into the lower mantle.
 This sinking process is called
subduction.
Rising
convection
current
Mid – ocean
ridge
Lithosphere
Convection
cell in the
mantle
subduction
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16. Hot Spots And Island Chains
 If the eruption is strong and
lasts long enough, the
volcanic eruption may form
an island on the plate.
 After the island forms, the
movement of the plate carries
it away from the mantle
plume.
 Scientists determine the
direction and speed of plate
movement by measuring
these island chains.
 A single hot rising plume, called a mantle plume, can cause
a volcanic eruption in the plate above it.
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17. Hot Spots And Island Chains
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18. The End