This document provides an overview of apartheid in South Africa. It defines apartheid as a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the National Party government beginning in 1948. It describes how the population was classified into racial groups and laws were enacted to restrict where people could live, work, attend school, and participate in politics based on their race. The system led to the forced removal and resettlement of millions of black South Africans. Key figures like Hendrik Verwoerd implemented apartheid policies while Nelson Mandela opposed them through non-violent resistance. International pressure and economic sanctions contributed to the end of apartheid in 1994.

1. History Project
SEKOLAH BOGOR RAYA
The Apartheid
System By: Ardine, Ivana & Ribka

2. What is
„Apartheid‟?
• Derived from Afrikaans word for
„Apartness‟ or „Separation‟.
• The term came into usage in the 1940s.
• Definition: A system of laws as well as
social, economical and political policy of
total racial segregation and
discrimination of the non-white people.
• It was enforced by National Party
Government of South Africa in 1948.

3. History
• South Africans were forced to
get out of their land or were
used as labor.
• 19th century: Separation of 4
states (two ruled by British, two
by Afrikaners).
– Black people have no rights.
• 1910: 4 states were joined, the
Whites ruled these states. The
Black people don't have
parliamentary rights.
• 1913: the Land Act is
established. This act does not
allow black people to buy
land that are outside their
reserves.
• The National Party used the
term "apartheid" as a part of

4. Apartheid System
• South Africans were boxed into four categories,
which are:
– Bantu (black people).
– White.
– Colored (mixed race).
– Asian (Indian/Pakistani).
This was called the Population Registration Act
(1950).

5. Laws that strengthened
Apartheid in the 1950s
1. Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)
2. Population Registration Act (1950): Every person’s
race recorded.
3. Group Areas Act (1950): people of specific races
were to live in different residential and business
regions.
4. Bantu Authorities Act (1951): denationalize Africans
by giving them rights to have rights in "homelands"
(African reserves) but stripping them off from South
African citizenship. Africans in these lands must have
passports to enter South Africa.
5. Prevention of Illegal Squatting (1951): Minister of
Native Affairs have the right & power to move the
Black to resettlement camps from public or
privately-owned land.
6. Land Act (1954 & 1955): People who are not white
cannot live in certain areas.
7. Abolition of Passes & Coordination of Documents
Act (1952): Africans must carry a "pass-book" that
contained their details and records any crime
committed.

6. Laws that
strengthened
Apartheid in
the 1950s
•
(cont.)
Other laws: people between races can't interact
with each other, public facilities and educational
standards are separated, some races can only
work in specific jobs, non-white people cannot
participate in the government, non-white
unions were limited.
• 80% of South Africa was controlled by the
whites when these laws were established.

7. Resettlement Camps
• 3.5 million black South Africans were removed by the government
from 1960-1983
– In 1960-1983, non-whites were removed in the enforcement of Group Areas
Act
– 860,000 people have to move, so communities can be divided racially
• Black South Africans‟ district were destroyed by the government to
built „White Area‟. During this, 18 people were killed and 230 were
injured.
• Many dispossessed land and homes, the „Black Spots‟

8. Resettlement Camps (cont.)
• They were isolated into an overcrowded poor
area called the „Resettlement Camps‟ in
Bantustan (homeland), where there were no
job prospects. Many lost their old jobs and
not allowed to find replacement jobs.
• The camps became a place for woman,
children, elderly, and the sick. Basically
everyone that‟s unnecessary for the white‟s
economy.
• This movement was initiated and benefited
only the British.
– Because they want no financial responsibility
for the black people‟s welfare.
– To take the Blacks‟ political right & citizenship
of South Africa

9. Pro & Anti Apartheid
Pro Icon: Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd
• Born in Amsterdam, 8 September 1901
• Moved to South Africa in 1903
• A very smart & educated man
• Did social work for Afrikaners --> became interested in politics
• Strongly favored separation of races
• Represented the National Party in 1950
– Involved in Education section --> limited Black
academic curriculum.
• 1958: Became Prime Minister
– Under his rule, South Africa was not allowed to be
a Commonwealth Member because of racial discrimination.
– Called the 'Architect of Apartheid' because he spread apartheid.
• Laws established under Verwoerd's rule:
– 1958: Promotion of Black Self-Government Act --> Set
up governments in "homeland" territories for Black people.
– 1959: Bantu Investment Corporation Act --> transferring capital
to the "homeland" territories so Black people can have jobs
– 1959: Extension of University Education Act --> set
up universities for Black, Colored & Indian people.
– 1967: Physical Planning & Utilization of Resources Act --
> developing industries in "homeland" areas for speeding up
relocation of Black people
• Died on 9 April 1961 (shot twice)

10. His Quotes
“There is no place for him
[the African] in the
European community above
the level of certain forms
of labor. Within his own
community, however, all
doors are open. For that
reason it is to no avail for
him to receive a training
which has as its aim
absorption in the European
community, where he
cannot be absorbed.”
-Hendrik Frensch
Verwoerd

11. Pro & Anti Apartheid
Anti Icon: Nelson Mandela
• A leader of ANC (African National Council)
• Always fight to stop the Apartheid system but never did
any violence fight to stop it.
• He was sentenced to life imprison for 27 years started in
1946 for treason and sabotage.
• He still worked and taught when he was imprisoned and
at this time his anti-apartheid message became popular.
• Nelson Mandela was the representative of black people.
• He is a leader and peacemaker in the battle
against apartheid system.
• Many people helped him when he fought for the
apartheid system and finally he won the battle.
• In 11th February 1990, Nelson Mandela has released
from prison and he became president of South Africa.

12. His Quotes
“Your tireless and heroic
sacrifices have made it
possible for me to be here
...I place the remaining
years of my life in your
hands”
“For to be free is not merely
to cast off one's chains,
but to live in a way that
respects and enhances
the freedom of others.”
"Today is a day like no other
before it.“ – (when he
casts his vote at the 1994
election).

13. The end of Apartheid
• The apartheid system began to fall apart
in the 1980s.
• Factors causing the Black to realize that
Apartheid have to end:
– 2 million unemployed blacks
– Decreasing white minority
– Continued strong black resistance
– Suffering economy because of international
sanctions
– The fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989,
this had removed the bad dreams for African
National Congress (ANC). As before Eastern
Europe supported the anti-Black government’s
oppressive policies.

14. The end of Apartheid (cont.)
• Finally in February 1990, Nelson Mandela was released
from prison and ANC was unbanned by De Klerk. They
both worked together toward multiracial South Africa.
Since then, the Apartheid system started to collapse.
• The apartheid officially end in April 27, 1994 when the
first democratic election was held in South Africa. The
ANC won by a huge difference, Nelson Mandela became
• the president.
The Government of National Unity was
formed.
And so, the Apartheid was over.

15. References
• Robinson, Alonford James. "Apartheid -- Africana."
Available: http://www.africanaencyclopedia.com/aparthei
d/apartheid.html. Last accessed 25 February 2012.
• "The History of Apartheid in South Africa."
Available: http://www-cs-
students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html.
Last accessed 25 February 2012.
• "Apartheid Origins".
Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/featu
res/storyofafrica/12chapter6.shtml. Last accessed 25
February 2012.
• Noguchi, Mai. "Apartheid".
Available: http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/apart.htm
l. Last accessed 25 February 2012.
• Johnson, Bridget. “Apartheid”. Available:
http://worldnews.about.com/od/ad/g/apartheid.htm. Last
accessed 14 February 2012.
• “The end of Apartheid.” Available:
http://www.historywiz.com/end.htm. Last accessed 28
February, 2012.
• Boddy-Evans, Alistair. “Apartheid FAQ: When Did
Apartheid End?” Available:
http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheidfaq/f/HowEn
ded.htm . Last accessed 28 February, 2012.
• Nelson Mandela [online] Available at
<http://www.nelsonmandelas.com/apartheid.php>
[Accessed 28 February 2012]
• Forced Removals [online] Available at
<http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id
=5> [Accessed 1 March 2012]
• A death in Parliament: Hendrik Verwoerd,
1966 [online] Rob Marsh [accessed 13 July 2009]
• Encyclopedia of World Biography on Hendrik Frensch
Verwoerd [online]. Thomson Gale [accessed 13 July 2009]