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IWRM in practice on a basin level 
Contents 
1) The Pungwe River Basin IWRM project 
2) Reflections on typical issues, constraints and needs 
Joakim Harlin, UNDP New York
Development of the Pungwe River Basin Joint IWRM Strategy 
Co-operative effort by the 
Governments of Zimbabwe 
and Mozambique. 
Implementing agencies: 
ZINWA-Save (Zimbabwe) 
ARA-Centro (Mozambique) 
Supported by a team of local 
and international consultants 
lead by SWECO International. 
February 2002 – February 2006 
Financed by the Swedish 
International Development 
Co-operation Agency
Project Objectives 
The project aims to create a framework for the sustainable 
and equitable management, development and conservation 
of the water resources of the Pungwe River Basin, with the 
objective of increasing the derived social and economic 
benefits for the people living in the basin. 
 In short: To develop a joint IWRM strategy and build 
capacity for its implementation and upgrading
The Pungwe River … a few facts 
 31 151 km2 catchment area of which 95 % in Mozambique 
and 5% in Zimbabwe 
 Mean natural annual runoff of about 133 m3/s of which 25- 
30 % from Zimbabwe. 
 Minimum flow ~ 4 m3/s, maximum >3000 m3/s 
 Population: 2003 - 1,2 million 2023 – 2,0 million 
 Urban centres: Beira - 400’, Gondola – 190’, Nhamatanda – 
140’ 
 Widespread poverty – 75% of rural households below 
income for basic needs 
 Diarrhoea and cholera common due to unsafe drinking 
water 
 About 20% of the population HIV positive 
 Agriculture: Tea, coffee, sugarcane, maize 
 Tourism: Nyanga and Gorongosa national parks
Project phases 
• Inception Phase 
• Monograph Phase 
• Development Scenario Phase 
• Joint IWRM Strategy Phase
The Monograph Phase 
• Improving the knowledgebase for 
the development of the water 
resources through 13 sector studies 
• Building of database, GIS and data 
exchange platform 
• Field surveys and data collection 
• Training and transfer of technology 
(hydrological models and GIS) 
• Institutional support and capacity 
building 
• Stakeholder communication and 
participation (basin committee) 
SECTOR STUDIES 
Surface water 
Gauging networks 
Groundwater 
Dams and other 
hydraulic works 
Water quality and 
sediment 
Pollution 
Water supply and 
sanitation 
Irrigation and forestry 
Fisheries 
Conservation areas, 
wildlife and tourism 
Environmental flow 
requirements 
Infrastructure 
Socio-economy
Development Scenarios … investment planning 
 2005, 2015, 2025: 
Constrained or un-constrained 
demand? 
 Demand or supply 
driven? Who's demand? 
 Dams - small, medium 
and large for hydropower, 
agriculture, flood and 
drought mitigation, 
control of saltwater 
intrusion, fishing, 
recreation & tourism. 
 WRYM modelling to 
asses effects - available 
yield from the various 
alternatives.
Development Scenarios … benefits? 
 Socio-economic and 
environmental screening. 
Technical, financial and 
economic analysis. Ranking. 
 Stakeholder consultations – 
client / basin committees 
 Joint development of 
supporting infrastructure e.g. 
transport, marketing and 
trading mechanisms 
1. Benefits to the River 
bb 
2. Benefits from the river 
3. Reduced costs and tension 
4. Benefits beyond the river 
(C. Sadoff & D. Gray, Water Policy 2002) 
 Economic Development 
 Social Equity 
 Environmental sustainability
IWRM strategy? The process of establishing: 
• An improved knowledgebase 
• An agreed set of sustainable investment 
projects – implementation plan for the 
prioritised investments 
• Active stakeholder participation (basin 
committees) 
• Institutional capacity to manage, implement 
and upgrade 
• Management instruments - gauging 
networks, water allocation procedures, 
information systems, models, water demand 
management and economic instruments 
• An enabling environment for joint IWRM - 
national and international co-operation 
(cross-sectoral), information sharing, water
2) Typical issues, constraints and needs 
Pungwe and others..
Water resources vary in time and space ... 
B13 Eskdale, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe
Flow gauging stations ...
River flow data
Precipitation data
Environmental problems, pollution ... little data
Biodiversity … knowledge – even less data!
”Technical needs” to enable water management 
 Functioning gauging 
networks 
 Technology adapted to 
scarce data access and 
to the ability to use and 
develop this technology– 
technical, staffing and 
funding resources. 
 Lack of hydraulic 
infrastructure – dams, 
canals pumps etc. 
- Inability to monitor and enforce (quantity and quality) 
- Inability to forecast, warn and regulate flows
Institutional and Governance constraints, e.g… 
 Inadequate management and want of common 
goals 
 Unclear definition of functions and 
responsibilities 
 Lack of and/or change of qualified staff 
 Understanding of IWRM – capacity building 
 Insufficient and/or unclear funding 
 Revenue collection – willingness and ability to pay 
for raw water? 
 Hidden agendas, corruption 
 Political and macro-economic factors 
 Poor coordination on all levels! 
 Transparency with plans and information? 
 Water allocation and permit procedures? 
 Willingness and ability to share data? 
 Differences in legislation 
 Connection with decision makers?
Stakeholder participation, some reflections.. 
• What are the incentives for stakeholders to be involved 
in IWRM – local, basin, national and international? 
• Legal rights – empowerment of weak stakeholder 
groups? Are the Authorities willing? 
• How involve stakeholders in investment planning, 
collection of water tariffs and levies and monitoring and 
enforcement of water permits? Water a free commodity? 
• Establishing stakeholder 
participation e.g. basin 
committee / water user 
associations - takes time 
and is very input 
demanding!

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IWRM in Practice on a Basin Level

  • 1. IWRM in practice on a basin level Contents 1) The Pungwe River Basin IWRM project 2) Reflections on typical issues, constraints and needs Joakim Harlin, UNDP New York
  • 2. Development of the Pungwe River Basin Joint IWRM Strategy Co-operative effort by the Governments of Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Implementing agencies: ZINWA-Save (Zimbabwe) ARA-Centro (Mozambique) Supported by a team of local and international consultants lead by SWECO International. February 2002 – February 2006 Financed by the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency
  • 3. Project Objectives The project aims to create a framework for the sustainable and equitable management, development and conservation of the water resources of the Pungwe River Basin, with the objective of increasing the derived social and economic benefits for the people living in the basin.  In short: To develop a joint IWRM strategy and build capacity for its implementation and upgrading
  • 4. The Pungwe River … a few facts  31 151 km2 catchment area of which 95 % in Mozambique and 5% in Zimbabwe  Mean natural annual runoff of about 133 m3/s of which 25- 30 % from Zimbabwe.  Minimum flow ~ 4 m3/s, maximum >3000 m3/s  Population: 2003 - 1,2 million 2023 – 2,0 million  Urban centres: Beira - 400’, Gondola – 190’, Nhamatanda – 140’  Widespread poverty – 75% of rural households below income for basic needs  Diarrhoea and cholera common due to unsafe drinking water  About 20% of the population HIV positive  Agriculture: Tea, coffee, sugarcane, maize  Tourism: Nyanga and Gorongosa national parks
  • 5. Project phases • Inception Phase • Monograph Phase • Development Scenario Phase • Joint IWRM Strategy Phase
  • 6. The Monograph Phase • Improving the knowledgebase for the development of the water resources through 13 sector studies • Building of database, GIS and data exchange platform • Field surveys and data collection • Training and transfer of technology (hydrological models and GIS) • Institutional support and capacity building • Stakeholder communication and participation (basin committee) SECTOR STUDIES Surface water Gauging networks Groundwater Dams and other hydraulic works Water quality and sediment Pollution Water supply and sanitation Irrigation and forestry Fisheries Conservation areas, wildlife and tourism Environmental flow requirements Infrastructure Socio-economy
  • 7. Development Scenarios … investment planning  2005, 2015, 2025: Constrained or un-constrained demand?  Demand or supply driven? Who's demand?  Dams - small, medium and large for hydropower, agriculture, flood and drought mitigation, control of saltwater intrusion, fishing, recreation & tourism.  WRYM modelling to asses effects - available yield from the various alternatives.
  • 8. Development Scenarios … benefits?  Socio-economic and environmental screening. Technical, financial and economic analysis. Ranking.  Stakeholder consultations – client / basin committees  Joint development of supporting infrastructure e.g. transport, marketing and trading mechanisms 1. Benefits to the River bb 2. Benefits from the river 3. Reduced costs and tension 4. Benefits beyond the river (C. Sadoff & D. Gray, Water Policy 2002)  Economic Development  Social Equity  Environmental sustainability
  • 9. IWRM strategy? The process of establishing: • An improved knowledgebase • An agreed set of sustainable investment projects – implementation plan for the prioritised investments • Active stakeholder participation (basin committees) • Institutional capacity to manage, implement and upgrade • Management instruments - gauging networks, water allocation procedures, information systems, models, water demand management and economic instruments • An enabling environment for joint IWRM - national and international co-operation (cross-sectoral), information sharing, water
  • 10. 2) Typical issues, constraints and needs Pungwe and others..
  • 11. Water resources vary in time and space ... B13 Eskdale, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe
  • 16. Biodiversity … knowledge – even less data!
  • 17. ”Technical needs” to enable water management  Functioning gauging networks  Technology adapted to scarce data access and to the ability to use and develop this technology– technical, staffing and funding resources.  Lack of hydraulic infrastructure – dams, canals pumps etc. - Inability to monitor and enforce (quantity and quality) - Inability to forecast, warn and regulate flows
  • 18. Institutional and Governance constraints, e.g…  Inadequate management and want of common goals  Unclear definition of functions and responsibilities  Lack of and/or change of qualified staff  Understanding of IWRM – capacity building  Insufficient and/or unclear funding  Revenue collection – willingness and ability to pay for raw water?  Hidden agendas, corruption  Political and macro-economic factors  Poor coordination on all levels!  Transparency with plans and information?  Water allocation and permit procedures?  Willingness and ability to share data?  Differences in legislation  Connection with decision makers?
  • 19. Stakeholder participation, some reflections.. • What are the incentives for stakeholders to be involved in IWRM – local, basin, national and international? • Legal rights – empowerment of weak stakeholder groups? Are the Authorities willing? • How involve stakeholders in investment planning, collection of water tariffs and levies and monitoring and enforcement of water permits? Water a free commodity? • Establishing stakeholder participation e.g. basin committee / water user associations - takes time and is very input demanding!