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Counter proposals & alternatives
1.
Counter-ProposalsAlternatives 文責:新倉恒和 早稲田大学
2.
Counter Proposalとは… そもそもモーションとは…
->あるプロブレムに対する解決策 Govの責任=モーションによって解決するプロブレムを提示 Oppの責任≒プロブレムの存在を否定 Counter proposal=Oppがプロブレムを認め、プロブレムのモーションに提示された方法による解決を否定し、独自の解決策を提示するディベート
3.
Counter proposalの成立条件 Oppのみ提示可能
LOの時点でCounter proposalをすると宣言 これをしない場合はalternative(後述) モーションを否定すること Govの提示している解決策を否定すること Mutually exclusiveであること(後述) プロブレムを共有すること Oppが独自のプロブレムを提示することは不可 ->事実上Govが二つ存在するディベート Value debateに近い
4.
良いCounter proposal プロブレムの所在が明確
Mutually exclusiveである ワーカビリティ、メカニズムが提示されている ベネフィット、ハームの構造が明確 ->Oppが提示したCounter proposalで別のモーションでGovが勝てる
5.
悪いCounter proposal プロブレムの所在が不明瞭
Govとプロブレムを共有しているか疑わしい Govのどの部分を否定してどの部分を肯定しているかが分からない ワーカビリティ、メカニズムが欠如している カンプラではなくOppの責任 ->Alternativeとの違いがよく分からない
6.
Soft Counter proposal
Govが提示してきたプランが過激過ぎるという主張の元行われるカンプラ Oppが提示しているプランの方がGovのプランよりもソフトな場合が多い Eg)THW invade Iran Govのケース=イランに軍事介入 Oppのケース=軍事介入は行き過ぎ ->資産凍結
7.
Soft Counter proposalの諸注意
本来Counter proposalはハードケースである事が望ましい Soft caseをCounter proposalで提案する場合、OppのBurden of proofは相当量増える 何故PlanではなくてSoft caseでもenoughなのか Eg)THW invade Iran Oppのケース=資産凍結 ->何故資産凍結だけで提示されたプロブレムが解決するのか
8.
Mutually exclusiveの定義 Govの出しているProposalと、Oppの出しているCounter
proposalが同一世界に同時に存在し得ない事 Eg)THW raise consumption taxにOppがdecrease consumption taxを出してきた場合 Eg)THW automatically take organs from corpses even without prior consentに対してOppがOpt-outを提案してきた場合
9.
Mutually exclusive: Practical
level Govの出している解決策とは違う方法でプロブレムにタックルする事 影響を受けるアクター、影響の度合いなどが違う Eg)THW raise consumption tax Govのプロブレム=財政赤字->増税 Oppのカンプラ=減税による経済活性化->decrease consumption tax
10.
Mutually exclusive: Philosophical
level Govが提示している解決策に倫理的な問題があり、別の解決策を求める場合 Eg)THW raise consumption tax Govのケース=財政赤字->消費税増税 Oppのケース=課税主体がUnfair->Corporation tax増税 Eg2)THW automatically take organs from corpses even without prior consent Govのケース=臓器不足 Oppのケース=Consentがあるのが大事->Opt out
11.
Mutually exclusiveの諸注意 Counter
proposalはMutually exclusiveではなければならない Mutually exclusiveにはPractical、Philosophical二種類がある Oppの出しているカンプラが何を認めて何を否定しているのかを判断
12.
Alternative Govが提示したプロブレムに対してOppが提示する解決策 Mutually
exclusiveである必要はない Counter proposalほど強く押さない Alternativeを軸にディベートが展開しない程度 主にRefute中心で出てくる
13.
Alternativeに対するOppのBurden Alternativeを提示するだけでは不可 Alternativeがどのようにプロブレムを解決するのかなど最低限のMechanism,
Workabilityが必要 説明量はディベートの展開に応じて変化 Alternativeがディベートの中で重要になる程説明量が必要 Eg)Oppのリフュートの中心がAlternativeの存在の場合Oppは相当量のBurdenを背負うことになる
14.
Case Study OppがCounter
proposalを宣言したものの、mutually exclusiveではないソフトケースを提示 ->基本的にオルタナ扱い ->Opp勝ちにくい
15.
Case Study OppがAlternativeをだしたものの、ほとんど説明がされていない
->よほど分かりやすいケースではない限り、あまり重く取らない
16.
In Conclusion… Put
more emphasis on how the debate turned out. Do not let your expectations influence your decisions.
17.
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION
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