Prevent Deadly Diseases

How much do you know about the most prevalent diseases that affect us as
Americans everyday? Do you know how to prevent them? How about what
actions to take when you see someone suffering from one, like a stroke or a heart
attack? You don’t need to be a doctor to know that these diseases are important
and how knowing some basic medical information can be nothing but
beneficial. Research shows that our lack of preparation and knowledge can
harm us or the ones we love. Did you know that 80% of strokes are
preventable and 73% of participants in a published CDC survey were
unaware of all major heart attacks symptoms or knew to call 9-1-1 when
someone was having a heart attack? Statistics like these show us that we need to
take action to educate ourselves not only to protect our own life but also the
lives of the ones we love.

In March 2011, I set out to gather data on the quality of basic medical
knowledge the general public possesses in my hometown of Grand Forks, ND. Using
some popular outdoor city events and by walking door-to-door in random
neighborhoods, I collected information from 300 members of the public. I created a
survey based on a few similar published studies done around the world. The survey
assessed the general public’s knowledge of the important risks factors and preventative
actions of the three leading causes of death in the United States.

The survey itself possesses a large margin of error that a survey prepared
over a longer time range might have eliminated. The style of questioning was a fill-in-
the-blank method. Although this method leaves room for error through interpretation, I
felt it would force participants to actually know the answers and eliminate guesswork. I
also chose this method because the smaller pool size would give me the time to
individually interpret the answers.

One of the most beneficial goals for this project, and perhaps later projects, is
to create an understanding and desire in these participants, where they can come to
realize the importance and the need to seek additional information on these prevalent
diseases. I hope to create a platform from which they can actively start their search for
more information.

My assumption is that the general public will not correctly answer a majority
of the questions because they do not actively search this information until they are
affected by one or more of these diseases (either directly or through a loved one). I also
assume that those with self reported medical education have either been exposed to this
information or has an increased opportunity or skill at acquiring this knowledge. I
further assume that those who have self reported medical education or who answered
"yes" to question 4 (Have you or a loved one been affected?) will have a higher
percentage of correct answers.

I started the survey by asking for
age and medical education. I only
wanted to include those over the
age of 18 because I assume those
under the age of 18 generally do
not actively seek information as
they most likely would have a
guardian seeking the information
for them.
I asked for medical education to
compare the answers of the self
reported medically educated
participants to the non medically
educated. My assumption is that
the self reported medically
educated participants will have a
higher percentage of correct
answers compared to the non
medically educated.
The next question involves
ranking the leading three causes
of death in the US. I listed the top
10 and had the participants rank
what they thought to be the top
three.


What are the three most common causes of
death in the United States?

Top 10 leading Causes of Death in the U.S.:

1. Heart disease: 616,067
2. Cancer: 562,875
3. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 135,952
4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 127,924
5. Accidents (unintentional injuries): 123,706
6. Alzheimer's disease: 74,632
7. Diabetes: 71,382
8. Influenza and Pneumonia: 52,717
9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 46,448
10. Septicemia: 34,828

Source: Deaths: Final Data for 2007, tables B, D, 7, 30

5. What are the seven leading controllable risk factors for Heart Disease?

1. High Cholesterol
2. High Blood Pressure
3. Diabetes
4. Physical Inactivity
5. Lack of a Healthy Diet
6. Obesity
7. Tobacco Use

Build up of fatty cholesterol on the
artery walls, limiting the blood flow
Source:

6. What are the three most common symptoms of a heart attack?

1. Chest Discomfort
2. Radiating Pain (referred pain)
3. Shortness of Breath

• Medical name for a heart attack is
myocardial infarction
• If blood supply is not restored within a few
minutes, the affected muscle cells can suffer
permanent damage or die.

7. A person with most of the risk factors for developing cancer will
definitely develop some form of cancer.

True False

• Cancer research still has many uncertainties as to an exact cause, but
research shows that certain risk factors increase the chance that a
person will develop cancer
• Some people can have
one or more risk factors
and never develop
cancer

8. What are five warning signs of a stroke?

1. Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on
one side of the body
2. Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
3. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
4. Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
5. Sudden severe headache with no known cause

Up to 80% of strokes are preventable

Survey Data

• All 300 Participants listed they were at least 18 years old.

• 51% of participants reported no previous medical knowledge

• 49% of participants reported some sort of previous medical knowledge

− Of those 148 participants, 26 listed more than one education source
− 36% listed nurse
− 3% listed Physician
− 4% listed Physiotherapist
− 28% listed First Aid Course
− 46% listed Miscellaneous

Question 3: What are the three leading causes of death in the United States? (Please number 1-3)
General:
• 16/300 (5.3%) were Correct
− 100% of these had self-reported medical knowledge
• 5 listed Physiotherapist
• 11 listed first aid course
• 74/300 (25%) listed the correct top three but had them in the wrong order
− 64% of these had self-reported medical knowledge
• 21 listed nurse
• 5 listed physician
• 11 listed miscellaneous
• 158/300 (53%) had one or more answers incorrect
− 50% of these had self-reported medical knowledge*
• 59 listed nurse
• 47/300 (16%) selected answers but didn’t number their answers
− 11% had self-reported medical knowledge
• 5/300 (1.7%) no answer
− None had self-reported medical knowledge
*Some participants listed more than one source of medical education background

Specific:
(Statistics out of 248 participants)

• Heart Disease • Diabetes
− 248/248 (100%) listed in Top 3 − 77/248 (31%) listed in Top 3
∙ 171/248 (69%) listed as #1 ∙ 5/248 (2%) listed as #1
• Cancer • Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases
− 229/248 (92%) listed in Top 3 − 4/248 (1.6%) listed in Top 3
∙ 53/248 (21%) listed as #1 ∙ 1/248 (0.4%) listed at #2
∙ 87/248 (35%) listed as #2 ∙ 3/248 (1.2%) listed as #3
∙ 89/248 (36%) listed as #3
• Stroke
− 97/248 (39%) listed in Top 3
∙ 5/248 (2%) listed as #1
∙ 52/248 (21%) listed as #2
∙ 40/248 (16%) listed as #3
• Accidents
− 89/248 (36%) listed in Top 3
∙ 10/248 (4%) listed as #1
∙ 20/248 (8%) listed as #2
∙ 59/248 (24%) listed as #3

Question 4: Have you or a loved one been affected by one of these three conditions:
Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease), Heart Disease, or Cancer?

• 126 (85%) of those with self-reported medical knowledge also answered ―yes‖ to having
been affected by one of the three leading conditions either directly or indirectly.
− 22 (15%) reported ―no‖

• 142 (93%) of those with no self-reported medical knowledge answered ―yes‖ to having
been affected by one of the three leading conditions either directly or indirectly.
− 10 (7%) reported ―no‖

• A total of 268 (89%) reported ―yes‖ to having been affected by one of the three
leading conditions either directly or indirectly.

Question 5: What are the seven leading controllable risk factors for Heart Disease (no
specific order)?
• Of those with self-reported medical education:
− 7.4% answered 2/7 correct

 78% answered more than half correctly

• Of those without self-reported medical education:
− 33% answered 3/7 correct

 48% answered more than half correctly

Question 6: What are the three most common symptoms of a heart attack?



Question 7: A person with most of the risk factors for developing cancer will
definitely develop some form of cancer. True False

− 88.9% answered correct

− 83.3% answered correct

Question 8: What are five warning signs of a stroke?


 74% answered more than half correct



 48% answered more than half correct

Question 9: Did this study encourage you to actively seek more information on
any of these leading conditions?

− 77.8% answered yes
− 22.2% answered no

− 97% answered yes
− 3% answered no

Conclusions
Regardless of whether the participant had simply taken a first aid course, worked in a
hospital environment, or had no previous medical experience, this survey shows that this
information needs to be actively sought out. Even though previous medical knowledge may have
helped score higher than those without it, no participants were able to answer all the questions
correctly.
Having previous medical knowledge seemed to be minimally beneficial in correctly
answering question three which asked participants to identify and number the three leading
causes of death in the United States. Although only those with previous medical knowledge were
able to correctly label and number the three leading causes of death (5.3% correct total), over half
(53%) of the participants answered incorrectly with 50% of those participants having self-
reported medical knowledge. A quarter (25%) of participants were able to identify the top three
but were unable list their correct order. Of these participants, 64% had reported medical
knowledge.
A majority of participants both with self-reported medical knowledge and without were
able to identify both cancer and heart disease as part of the top three leading causes of death in
the US (92% and 100% respectively). However, only 69% were able to correctly identify heart
disease as the number one killer and only 35% could label cancer as the second deadliest.

39% of participants were able to place stroke in the top three, however only a measly
16% were able to correctly label stroke as the third leading cause of death in the US. Accidents
were listed in the top three 36% of the time, and 24% misplaced accidents as the third leading
cause of death in place of stroke.

Previous medical knowledge seemed to help participants through both questions five
and eight where 74% and 78% of those with previous medical knowledge answered more then
half of the questions correct.

Question five, asking for the seven controllable risk factors of heart disease, seemed
particularly difficult for both groups—both groups having less than 10% correctly identify all
seven (7.4% with medical education and 3.3% without).

The results of question six, asking for the three most common symptoms of a heart
attack, were fairly universal. Roughly 95% of both groups were able to identify at least two
symptoms.

Question seven was fairly surprising. I expected less than 5% to answer incorrectly.
Although roughly 89% of either group were able to answer correctly, that leaves an outstanding
11% unaware that a cancer diagnosis is not a 100% guarantee even with all the risk factors.

Question eight, which pertained to stroke, was the most difficult to answer for those
without medical education. Only 6.7% were able to identify all five warning signs of a stroke.
Over half (52%) of participants without medical education were unable to identify more than 2
warning signs.

Those with medical education did substantially better on question 8. with 37%
correctly identifying all 5 warning signs of a stroke and 74% correctly identifying 3 or more
warning signs.

Overall, only 5.3% of participants were able to correctly identify and order the
leading three causes of death in the US, less than 10% of either group were able to correctly
identify all parts of question 5, less than half of either group were able to correctly identify all
parts of question six, and only 37% of those with medical education and 6.7% of those
without were able to correctly identify all parts of question 8.

This shows that even with an assumed higher exposure to this information, we need
to actively search and pursue this information to prepare and educate ourselves.

.

I feel I have achieved my goal of creating a platform for others to start their quest to
educate themselves, as 77.8% of the group with medical education and 97% of the group
without medical education answered yes to question 9—asking whether the survey inspired
them to seek out additional information.

After participants finished the survey, I handed them a copy of the answer sheet with
a list of websites they could visit for more information. Many people asked me for answers
before I was even able to hand them the paper. A majority of participants also started
conversations with me to discuss the answers and facts on these diseases. Inspiring these
people to educate themselves and start talking about these diseases marks a huge success.

I feel that with the proper time, tools, and resources, another survey based on the
findings here, could be conducted to represent a larger portion of the population and repeated
in other states and give us even more accurate and specific data on our progress of educating
ourselves. Knowing where we stand will help us take another step forward.

Research has to start somewhere. This survey has proven its cause and has shown
there is more information to be found. Organizations have started their attempts at educating
the public through television advertising, but research like this shows that passive learning is
not enough. The public needs to take an active role in their health and education to help
prevent these deadly diseases

Additional information on risk factors and
diseases pertaining to the three leading causes of
death in the United States

What is Heart Disease?
• A broad term describing a range of diseases that affect your heart and its blood
vessels

• Used interchangeably with ―Cardiovascular Disease‖ and ―Coronary Artery
Disease‖

• Common heart diseases
• Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias)
• Heart infections
• Heart defects you’re born with (congenital heart defects)

• Cardiovascular disease is caused by narrowed, blocked or
stiffened blood vessels that prevent your heart, brain or other
parts of your body from receiving enough blood
• leads to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke.

• In the United States, someone has a heart attack every 34
seconds. Each minute, someone in the United States dies from a
heart disease-related event.
**Check out this site for an overview on how the heart and the
circulatory system works!!
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636

Statistics for Heart Disease in Women

• Heart disease is the leading cause of death of women in the U.S. Almost every
minute, a woman in the U.S. dies from heart disease. Nearly five times as many
women (200,000) will die from heart attacks alone this year than will die from
breast cancer. [1]

• Since 1984, more women than men have died of heart disease each year.
Women have a 28% increased risk of dying as compared to men to die within
the first year after a heart attack.[1]

• 42.7 million women are currently living with some form of cardiovascular
disease (CVD). [2]

• 23% of women and 18% of men will die within one year of a first recognized
heart attack; 22-32% of women and 15-27% of men heart attack survivors will
die within five years. [3]

• CVD caused 1 death per minute among women in 2007. That represents more
female lives than were claimed by cancer, Alzheimer disease, and accidents
combined. [2]

7 Important Risk Factors that can lead to Heart Disease

1. High cholesterol
2. High blood pressure
3. Diabetes
4. Lack of Physical Activity
5. Lack of Healthy Diet
6. Obesity
7. Tobacco Use

What is Cholesterol?

It may surprise you to know that cholesterol itself isn't bad. In fact,
cholesterol is just one of the many substances created and used by our bodies to keep
us healthy. Some of the cholesterol we need is produced naturally (and can be affected
by your family health history), while some of it comes from the food we eat.

When too much LDL (bad) cholesterol circulates in the blood, it can slowly
build up in the inner walls of the arteries that feed the heart and brain. Together with
other substances, it can form plaque, a thick, hard deposit that can narrow the arteries
and make them less flexible. This condition is known as atherosclerosis. If a clot forms
and blocks a narrowed artery, a heart attack or stroke can result.
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/About-Cholesterol_UCM_001220_Article.jsp

Copyright 2006-2011 Pfizer Inc. All rights reserved

Cholesterol

• There are two types of cholesterol: HDL "good" and LDL "bad.―

• LDL cholesterol is affected by diet. Knowing which fats raise LDL cholesterol and which
ones don't is the first step in lowering your risk of heart disease. Check out this website to
learn more facts about the fats:

• http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/PreventionTreatmentofHighCholest
erol/Know-Your-Fats_UCM_305628_Article.jsp

High Blood Pressure

Blood pressure measures the force pushing outwards on your arterial walls.

High blood pressure, also known as HBP or hypertension, is a widely
misunderstood medical condition. Some people think that those with hypertension are tense,
nervous or hyperactive, but hypertension has nothing to do with personality traits. The truth
is, you can be a calm, relaxed person and still have HBP.

By keeping your blood pressure in the healthy range,
you are:
• Reducing your risk of your vascular walls
becoming overstretched and injured
• Reducing your risk of your heart having to
pump harder to compensate for blockages
• Protecting your entire body so that your
tissue receives regular supplies of blood that
is rich in the oxygen it needs

**Check out this website for more information on how high blood pressure works and
how to understand your numbers:
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPr
essure/What-is-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301759_Article.jsp

• Adults with diabetes are 2-4 times more
likely to have heart disease or stroke than
adults without diabetes

• Insulin resistance or diabetes plus other
CVD risk factors (like obesity, high blood
pressure, or high cholesterol) greatly
increases the risk of heart disease and
stroke

• Diabetes causes nerve damage in the heart
which can make a heart attack painless or
―silent‖

• Diabetes increases LDL ―bad‖ cholesterol
and decreases HDL ―good‖ cholesterol

• Heart attacks are more likely to be fatal in
diabetics

Lack of Physical Activity

• Regular Physical Activity Helps:
− lower blood pressure
− increase HDL ―good‖ cholesterol in your blood
− control blood sugar by improving how your body uses insulin
− reduce feelings of stress
− control body weight.

• AHA recommends at least 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise or 75 minutes
per week of vigorous exercise.

• Nearly 70% of Americans do not get the physical activity they need.

**Check out this website for more information on physical activity and exercise
ideas:
− http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/Physical-
Activity_UCM_001080_SubHomePage.jsp

Lack of a Healthy Diet

A healthy diet and lifestyle are your best weapons in
the fight against heart disease. Contrary to what some
believe, just eating more vegetables won’t cut it. Your
diet is all about balance. Use this website to find the
balance that works for you. Also find tips for dining
out!
− http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/
NutritionCenter/Nutrition-
Center_UCM_001188_SubHomePage.jsp

**Check out this link to The Dictionary of Nutrition. This dictionary has
loads of information on commonly hear nutrition terms.
− http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/He
althyDietGoals/Dictionary-of-Nutrition_UCM_305856_Article.jsp

Obesity

− About 12 million (16.9%) of U.S. children ages 2 to 19 are obese.
− Nearly one in three (31.7%) U.S. children (23,500,000) ages 2 to 19 are overweight or
obese.
− Over one-third (33.7%) of U.S. adults are obese (nearly 75 million adults).

When your weight is in a healthy range:

− Your body more effectively circulates blood
− Your fluid levels are more easily managed
− You are less likely to develop diabetes, heart
disease, certain cancers and sleep apnea.

Smoking
• Decreases tolerance for physical activity
• increases tendency for blood to clot
• decreases HDL ―good‖ cholesterol
• increases risk for peripheral artery disease and aortic aneurysm

Smoking is the most important preventable cause of premature
death in the United States
**Check out this website for Resources and tips to help you quit:
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/QuitSmoking/QuittingResources/Resources-for-Quitting-
Smoking_UCM_307934_Article.jsp

The Heart Attack
• Some heart attacks are sudden and intense—―movie heart attacks‖—but most
start slowly with mild chest pain or discomfort.

− Here are three main ―signs‖ of a heart attack:

1. Chest Discomfort: discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts
more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can
feel like an uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.

2. Discomfort in other areas of the upper body: Pain or discomfort
in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or stomach

3. Shortness of Breath: with or without chest discomfort

− Some other signs may include: breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea, or
lightheadedness

**Can you recognize a heart attack? Follow this website to take a quiz and see what you
know!
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/HeartAttackToolsResources/Can-You-
Recognize-a-Heart-Attack-Quiz_UCM_303942_Article.jsp

Referred pain
− Pain perceived at a site with a different nerve supply than the
site where the injury has occurred.

Radiating pain
− Pain that radiates from the site of injury to other adjacent
locations that share the same nerve supply as the initial injury
site.

Other common symptoms of heart
attack:
 Back, neck, or jaw pain
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Indigestion
 Weakness
 Fatigue
 Dizziness
 Lightheadedness

women are more than twice as likely as men to A dermatome map shows which areas of the body
experience nausea, vomiting, or indigestion as heart have the same origin of nerve supply
http://catalog.nucleusinc.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=4941
attack symptoms

Calling 9-1-1 is almost always the fastest way to
get lifesaving treatment. Emergency medical services (EMS)
staff can begin treatment when they arrive — up to an hour
sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car.

EMS staff are also trained to revive someone
whose heart has stopped. Patients with chest pain who arrive
by ambulance usually receive faster treatment at the hospital,
too. It is best to call EMS for rapid transport to the
emergency room.

**Check out this cardiac glossary for help defining some heart-related terms:
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/HeartAttackToolsResources/Cardi
ac-Glossary_UCM_303945_Article.jsp

Check your heart health
Follow this website to see how the seven previously discussed risk factors are affecting your
heart.
http://mylifecheck.heart.org/Default.aspx

What is Cancer?
• Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without
control and are able to invade other tissues.

• Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and
lymph systems.

• Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100
different types of cancer.

• The main categories of cancer include:
-Carcinoma
-Sarcoma
-Leukemia
-Lymphoma and myeloma
-Central nervous system cancers

**Check out this site for tons of up-to-
date cancer resources and information

An accurate gene test can tell if a
mutation is present, but that finding
does not guarantee that disease will
Cancer and Genetics
develop.

For example, women with the
BRCA1 breast cancer susceptibility
gene have an 80 percent chance of
developing breast cancer by the age
of 65. The risk is high but not
absolute. Family members who test
negative for the BRCA1 mutation are
not exempt from breast cancer risk;
over time, they can acquire breast
cancer-associated genetic changes at
the same rate as the general
population.
Most cancers come from random
mutations that develop in body cells
during one's lifetime--either as a
mistake when cells are going through
cell division or in response to injuries Even though all cancer is genetic, just a small portion--
from environmental agents such as perhaps 5 or 10 percent--is inherited.
radiation or chemicals.

What is a stroke?
− Blocked blood vessel in the brain, leading to lack
of blood supply and tissue damage or death much
like in heart diseases

− There are two major types of stroke: ischemic
stroke and hemorrhagic stroke
− Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel
that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a
blood clot.
− May be caused by clogged arteries. Fat,
cholesterol, and other substances collect
on the artery walls, forming a sticky
substance called plaque.
− Embolic stroke occurs when the
embolism (clot) is formed elsewhere in
the body and travels to the brain where it
blocks the blood flow
− A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood
vessel in part of the brain becomes weak and
bursts open, causing blood to leak into the
brain.
− Aneurysm

Use F.A.S.T. to remember the warning
 Every 40 seconds signs of stroke
someone suffers a
stroke, every four
minutes someone F=FACE Ask them to smile. Does one side of the face
dies from a stroke droop?
A=ARMS Ask the person to raise their arms. Does one arm
 Stroke is a leading drift downward?
cause of serious,
S=SPEECH Ask to repeat a simple phrase. Is speech slurred
long-term adult
disability or strange?
T=TIME If you observe any of these signs, call 9-1-1
immediately

Stroke Myths:
Myth: Stroke is unpreventable
Reality: Stroke is largely preventable

Myth: Stroke cannot be treated
Reality: Stroke requires emergency treatment

Myth: Stroke only strikes the elderly
Reality: Stroke can happen to anyone

Myth: Stroke happens to the heart
Reality: Stroke is a "Brain Attack"

Myth: Stroke recovery only happens for a few months following a stroke
Reality: Stroke recovery continues throughout life

References
Pictures:
 http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-high-blood-pressure
 http://www.kentuckymedicalresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Diabetes-and-heart
 www.heart.org
 http://www.toadspad.net/ems/cpr-riskof-heart.html
 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/genetesting/page27
 http://www.cancer.gov
 http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/WarningSigns/Warning-
Signs_UCM_308528_SubHomePage.jsp
 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120
 http://www.predisease.com/diabete
 http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/cvd/hbppatient.htms_how_to_screen.php
 http://www.lipitor.com/aboutCholesterol/whatIsCholesterol.aspx
 http://howtolosebellyfatsoon.com/how-to-help-your-kid-to-lose-weight-avoid-childhood-
obesity.html
 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/
What-is-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301759_Article.jsp
 http://www.bloodpressurechart.me
 http://www.diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com
 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/Nutrition-
 http://www.accessrx.com/blog/current-health-news/obesity-decreases-quality-of-life-a803

Picture references continued
 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/QuitSmoking/Quit-
Smoking_UCM_001085_SubHomePage.jsp
 http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/pain/neuropathic/referred-pain-vsorigin-pain-
pathology
 http://prashant-uikey.blogspot.com/2011/09/what-should-we-do-in-case-of-heart.html
 http://www.topnews.in/health/
 http://mylifecheck.heart.org/Default.aspx
 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/genetesting/page28
 http://www.cancer.gov
 http://www.stroke.org/site/PageNavigator/HOME
 http://www.stroke.org/site/DocServer/NSA_complete_guide.pdf?docID=341
 http://www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?pagename=explainingstroke
 http://www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?pagename=myth

Other website references:
 http://www.cdc.gov
 http://www.lipitor.com
 http://mylifecheck.heart.org
 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease
 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636
 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120

References cont’d:
 http://www.womenheart.org/resources/upload/Women-and-Heart-Disease-FINAL-2011.pdf
 Roger V L, Go A S, Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R J,. et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics
2011 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke
Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2011; 121:e1-e192.
 Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Brown T,. et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2010 Update: A
Report from the American Heart Associat ion Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics
Subcommittee. Circulation. 2010;121:e1-e170.
 Men and Cardiovascular Diseases – Statistics: American Heart Association
http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1261005858761FS07MN10.pdf
 http://www.predisease.com/diabetes_how_to_screen.php
 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/About-
Cholesterol_UCM_001220_Article.jsp
 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/
What-is-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301759_Article.jsp
 http://bloodpressurechartme.com
 http://www.diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com/
 http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/prevention/pre-diabetes/how-to-tell-if-you-have.html-
-info on prediabetes tests
 http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/what-is-prediabetes-or-borderline-diabetes
 http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/
 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Diction
ary-of-Nutrition_UCM_305856_Article.jsp

References continued

 http://www.accessrx.com/blog/current-health-news/obesity-decreases-quality-of-life-a803
 http://www.womenheart.org/resources/mythstruths.cfm
 http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/cvd/hbppatient.htms_how_to_screen.php
 http://www.lipitor.com/aboutCholesterol/whatIsCholesterol.aspx
 http://howtolosebellyfatsoon.com/how-to-help-your-kid-to-lose-weight-avoid-childhood-
obesity.html
 http://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/pain/neuropathic/referred-pain-vsorigin-pain-
pathology
 http://prashant-uikey.blogspot.com/2011/09/what-should-we-do-in-case-of-heart.html
 http://www.hearthealthywomen.org/signs-symptoms/featured/heart-disease-signs.html
 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/Physical-
Activity_UCM_001080_SubHomePage.jsp
 http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/Nutrition-

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