1. SUCCESSES & FAILURES OF UNITED NATIONS

2. INTRODUCTION War and peace have been two most important subject of international politics. War represents negative aspects of human nature(selfishness, greed, violence). Peace represents positive aspect symbolizing cooperation, chivalry. UN was created at the end of second world war to maintain world peace and security based on respect for human rights. It has so far been the most perfect of all international organizations.

3. UN charter was adopted on June 26th 1945. Dominant role was played by the great power– US, USSR, France , Britain and China. Article 1 of the charter states the purposes of UN : To maintain international peace and security. To develop friendly relations among nations. To achieve international cooperation in solving economic , social, cultural and humanitarian problems. To be a centre for harmonizing the action of nations in the attainment of these common ends. Its main aim was to maintain peace and security in the world and save future generations from the scourge of war.

4. UN comprises of 192 members. No provision in the charter for withdrawal of membership. Principal organs of UN: General Assembly Security Council. Economic and Social Council. Trusteeship Council. International Court of Justice. Secretariat.

5. Post 1945 era has been one of unprecedented changes in every part of the globe. Decolonization – emergence of host of newly independent nations on the world scene. Cold war between the super powers. Continuing nuclear arms. Struggle for modernization and development in the third world. Recurring regional conflicts.

7. United Nations Emergency Force was established.

8. The block was cleared by the UN.

10. Collective force was used by UN against Iraq.

12. The Uniting for Peace Resolution.

13. UN provided the forum for debate and negotiations and a channel for quite diplomacy.

15. UN adopted International Convention and Resolution for Prevention of Terrorism. Important ones include:International Convention on taking of hostages-1979 Convention against Recruitment, Use, Finance and Training of Mercenaries-1989 Resolution to eliminate International Terrorism-1991

19. Certain conventions and declarations have been made for the same.

21. Economic institutions like IMF, World Bank, have helped developing economies overcome major crises.

23. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)provides for the protection of the environment and also prepares global agenda for the same.

25. There are 14 specialized agencies.

27. 1989- General Assembly adopted the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa.

28. Sep 1992- A UN Observer Mission in South Africa was deployed by Security Council.

30. REFORMING AND STRENGTHENING THE UN Enlargement of the security council. Security council should be responsible to the General Assembly. Peace keeping operation and enforcement to be enhanced. Efforts to be made first for nuclear disarmament and then for reduction of conventional weapons. Sovereign equality of all nations must be respected.

31. ANUBHA RASTOGI