atmosphere and environment

2.  THE LAYER OF AIR AROUND US IS CALLED ATMOSPHERE

4.  AIR IS A MIXTURE OF MANY GASES

6. NITROGEN
OXYGEN
ARGON
CARBONDIOXIDE
INERT GASES
WATER VAPOUR
DUST PARTICLES

8.  AIR CONTAINS 78% OF N₂
 IT IS AN INACTIVE GAS

9.  AIR CONTAINS 20% OF OXYGEN
 IT IS AN ACTIVE GAS
 IT IS IMPORTANT FOR RESPIRATION AND COMBUSTION

11.  AIR CONTAINS 0.93% OF ARGON
 IT IS THE MOST ABUNDANT
INERT GAS PRESENT IN AIR

12.  AIR CONTAINS 0.03% OF CO₂
 IT IS USED BY PLANTS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

13. PHOTHOSYNTHESIS EQUATION

14. INERT GASES

15. WATER VAPOUR
 IT IS THE GASEOUS FORM OF WATER

16. DUST PARTICLES

17.  LIQUID AIR IS SEPARATED BY FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION METHOD
 THE GASES ARE SEPARATED ACCORDING TO
THEIR BOILING POINTS
 CO₂ AND H₂O ARE SEPARATED IN SOLID
FORM
 He AND Ne IN LIQUID FORM
 THEN THE OTHER GASES ARE SENT INTO THE
FRACTIONATING COLUMN
 H₂ ,O₂ , Ar , Xe IN GASEOUS FORM

20.  GASES THAT POLLUTES THE AIR ARE CALLED AS AIR
POLLUTANTS

21. AIR POLLUTANTS
CARBON MONOXIDE
CARBON DIOXIDE
METHANE
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
OXIDES OF NITROGEN
CHLOROFLUORO COMPOUNDS
OZONE

22.  IT IS A VERY POISONOUS GAS
 IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION OR
LACK OF OXYGEN
 IT REACTS WITH HEAMOGLOBIN AND STOPS CARRYING
OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD

23. HARMFUL EFFECT OF CO

24.  IT IS A GREEN HOUSE GAS
 IT IS PRODUCED BY
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
 IT CAUSES GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

25.  IT IS ALSO A GREEN HOUSE GAS
 IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO ROTTING WASTE
 IT ALSO CAUSES GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
 NATURAL GAS CONTAINS
MORE % OF METHANE

26.  IT IS A CHOKING SMELL POISONOUS GAS
 IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTION
AND ALSO BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
 IT CAUSES ACID RAIN

27.  IT IS ALSOMA POISONOUS GAS
 AT HIGH TEMP. ATM. O₂ REACTS WITH N₂ TO
PRODUCE OXIDES OF NITROGEN
 EXHAUST FUMES FROM VEHICLES
 POWER STATIONS
 LIGHTNING

28.  ITS SYMBOLIS O₃
 IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE IT PROTECT US
FROM HARMFUL U.V RAYS
 U.V.RAYS CAUSES SUN BURN,SKIN CANCER,ETC

30. CHLORO FLUORO COMPOUNDS
CFC COMPOUNDS CAUSES OZONE DEPLETION

31.  IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE OZONE IT
PRODUCES PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG WITH OXIDES
OF N₂
 IT CAUSES IRRITATION OF EYES , NOSE,
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES , ETC

33. GREEN HOUSE GASES

34.  INCREASE IN THE % OF GREEN HOUSE GASES IN
THE ATMOSPHERE WARM UP THE EARTH AND IT
CAUSES GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

35. GLOBAL WARMING
 WARMING UP OF EARTH BY GREEN HOUSE GASES
IS CALLED AS GLOBAL WARMING

36.  INCREASE IN SEA LEVEL
 MELTING OF ICE – CAPS
 FLOODS IN LOW LYING ISLANDS
 CLIMATIC CHANGES
 DROUGHT IN SOME PLACES

37. PREVENTION OF GLOBAL WARMING

38.  SO₂ AND NO₂ CAUSES ACID RAIN

39. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN
 IT KILLS THE MARINE ORGANISMS
 IT DISSOLVES THE LIMESTONE BUILDING
 IT CORRODES THE METALS
 IT DESTROYS THE STONE WORKS
 IT DAMAGES THE CROPS

40. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN
EGEE 102 - Pisupati
40

41. EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION

42. THE DISCOVERY
 In 1985, using satellites, balloons, and surface
stations, a team of researchers had discovered a
balding patch of ozone in the upper stratosphere,
the size of the United States, over Antarctica.
Team who discovered the hole 1985.
From left: Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin
British Atlantic Survey Research station, Holly Bay, Antarctic coast

43. •Ozone is a triatomic form of
oxygen (O3) found in Earth’s upper
and lower atmosphere.
•The ozone layer, situated in the
stratosphere about 15 to 30 km
above the earth's surface.
•Ozone protects living organisms by
absorbing harmful ultraviolet
radiation (UVB) from the sun.
•The ozone layer is being destroyed
by CFCs and other substances.
• Ozone depletion progressing
globally except in the tropical zone.
The ozone layer
www.epcc.pref.osaka.jp/apec/ eng/earth/ozone_layer_depletion/susumu.html

44. TOO MUCH ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT CAN RESULT IN:
 Skin cancer
 Eye damage such as cataracts
 Immune system damage
 Reduction in phytoplankton
 Damage to the DNA in various life-forms
 this has been as observed in Antarctic ice-fish that lack
pigments to shield them from the ultra-violet light (they've
never needed them before)
 Possibly other things too that we don't know about at
the moment

45. OVER EXPOSURE
dermis.multimedica.de/.../ en/13007/image.htm

46.  IT IS USED TO CONVERT THE HARMFUL GASES
THAT COMES FROM EXHAUST FUMES OF MOTOR
VEHICLES INTO HARMLESS GASES

47. REACTIONS IN CATALYTIC CONVERTOR
 IT CONVERTS HARMFUL GASES CO, OXIDES OF N₂
AND UNBURNT HYDROCARBON INTO HARMLESS
GASES LIKE CO₂ , H₂O AND N₂

49. WHAT IS COMBUSTION REACTION?

50. WHAT ARE SOME REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES OF COMBUSTION
REACTIONS?
 When people are or
a candle.
 Or burn wood to
make a fire.

51. HOW ARE COMBUSTION REACTIONS USED IN OUR
DAILY LIVES?
 People use fire
everyday to
 People burning
paper.
 Burning trash

52. 2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS!!!
 Complete
 Clean combustion with
a hydrocarbon produces
carbon dioxide and
water
 Incomplete
 Dirty combustion with a
hydrocarbon produces
carbon or carbon
monoxide also carbon
dioxide.

53. • Carbon is the key element of life, thus its
cycle is the most fundamental biogeochemical
cycle
• CO2 is the most important greenhouse
gases (or called trace gases)
Why Study the Carbon Cycle?

54. • Carbon has two stable isotopes: 12C (98.9%),
13C (1.1%); one unstable isotope: 14C
• Carbon Cycle is the process by which carbon is
exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth.
What Is the Carbon Cycle?

55. Diagram of the Carbon Cycle
Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/carbon_cycle4.html

56.  78% OF OUR EARTH IS COVERED BY WATER

57. WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.

58. INTRODUCTION
 The water is a chemical substance with the
formula H2O.
 The water is very important for life,
because it is vital. The animals or humans
drink water because the body needs 75%
water to do exercise for example: walk.
 Water covers 70% of the Earth. Like two
thirds parts of the earth.

59. WATER RESOURCES
 Water, liquid and solid, covers more than 70%
of world’s surface.
 More than 370 billion billion gallons.
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.

60. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.

61. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
Sources of water
Surface fresh water:
3% of liquid water,
which is 13% of fresh water,
which is 2.4% of water

62. THE IMPORTANCES OF THE WATER
 Human uses the water in:
- Agriculture: The most important for the agriculture is for
irrigation.
- For drinking: Because the body need 75% of water to do
exercise.
- Washing: Washing is also an important component of
several aspects of personal body hygiene.
- Fire extinction: One of the important use of the water is
the fire extinction.
- Recreation: For example swimming, waterskiing, boating,
surfing and diving.
- Industrial applications: Water is used in power
generation.

63. PHOTOS OF HUMAN USES

64. GROUNDWATER
 Second largest reservoir of fresh water.
 Infiltration - Process of water percolating through the soil
and into fractures and permeable rocks.
 Zone of Saturation - Lower soil layers where all spaces are filled
with water.
 Water Table - Top of Zone of Sat.
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.

65. INDUSTRIAL USE
 For processing, washing, and cooling
 Most water is returned to the system, however
we need to concerned about the quality:
industrial pollution and heat pollution

66. THERMOELECTRIC POWER
 Water used in the generation of electricty from
fossil fuels, nuclear and geothermal sources
 About 98% of the water is returned to system,
but it is hotter than it should be

67. THE IMPORTANCES OF THE WATER FOR
THE ANIMALS
 In the animal life the water is essential
to life.
 The animals uses are:
- Temperature regulation: The
temperature of the animals should be
between a specific range.
- Digestion: Water also serves for
the lining to the acid in the stomach.

68. PHOTOS OF THE ANIMAL USES

69. WATER ON THE EARTH
· Water cycle: Water cycle consist in this three process:
 Evaporation: from oceans and other water bodies into the air
and transpiration from land plants and animals into air.
 Precipitation: from water vapor condensing from the air and
falling to earth or ocean.
 Runoff: from the land usually reaching the sea.

70.  SUBSTANCES THAT POLLUTES THE WATER ARE
CALLED WATER POLLUTANTS

71. WATER POLLUTANTS
FERTILIZERS
OIL
SEWAGE
ACID RAIN
HEAVY METAL IONS
FROM INDUSTRIES
PESTICIDES

72. FERTILIZERS
 NPK FERTILIZERS ARE USEFUL FOR PLANTS
GROWTH

73. USES OF FERTILIZERS

74. Pollutant Harmful effects
Acid
marine life cannot survive in low PH water, low pH
water results in poor growth of vegetation
Nitrates and
phosphates
causes eutrophication,
Sewage
health problem
Oil
kill marine life as the oxygen passes into water is
sealed off
Heavy metal ions poisonous to mankind

75. Eutrophication : a major issue

76. Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies,
such as lakes, estuaries,
or slow-moving streams receive excess nutrients
that stimulate excessive plant growth
(algae, periphyton attached algae, and nuisance
plants weeds).
This enhanced plant growth, often called an algal
bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the water
when dead plant material decomposes and can
cause other organisms to die.

77. Step by step eutrophication process

78. Oligotrophic lake with a low level of nutrients.

79. Artificial input of nutrients from run-off and discharge of effluent.

80. Eutrophic lake with a high level of nutrients. Phosphorus is usually the
bio-limiting element in freshwater lakes.

81. Rapid growth of algae and other biomass resulting in a decrease in the
concentration of dissolved oxygen.

82. Turbidity (cloudiness) of water increases as does rate of sedimentation.

83. Increased growth of rooted plants such as reeds.

84. Algal blooms during the Summer months. Note that dissolved oxygen levels are at
their lowest at night when plants respire rather than photosynthesis.

85. Development of anoxic conditions and release of noxious gases such as
hydrogen sulphide, thioalcohols and ammonia.
Eutrophication process, the movie summary

86. Effects on water quality, treatment costs,
compliance and recreational activities

87. • Bad taste and odor : some of the algal species that "bloom" produce
toxins (geosmin, MIB), water taste and odor deteriorates.
• Oxygen depletion: penetration of light into the water is diminished.
This occurs because the algae forms mats as a result of being
produced faster than they are consumed. Diminished light
penetration decreases the productivity of plants living in the deeper
waters and hence their production of oxygen.
• DBP precursors : As the water becomes depleted in oxygen, the
abundant algae and fish die and decompose, further oxygen is
consumed by this process.
• Under anoxic conditions iron, manganese, ammonia and
phosphorous are released into the water column, anaerobic bacteria
flourish, producing hydrogen sulfide.
Effects on water quality

88. Effects on treatment costs and compliance
• Bad taste, odor, and high organics increase operational
costs
• Compliance with local and federal regulations becomes
more difficult to achieve

89. • Recreation : Lowered oxygen results in the death
of fish that need high levels of dissolved
oxygen "DO"), such as trout, salmon and other
desirable sport fish. The community
composition of the water body changes, with fish
that can tolerate low DO, such as carp
predominating.
• Changes in fish communities have ramifications
for the rest of the aquatic ecosystem like the
explosion of mosquitoes.
Effects on recreational activities

93. ALGAE PLANT

94.  IT BLOCKS THE SUNLIGHT AND OXYGEN NEEDED
FOR THE MARINE ORGANISMS

95.  IT CAUSES HEALTH PROBLEM TO MANKIND

97.  IT KILLS THE MARINE ORGANISMS BY REDUCING
THE PH OF THE WATER

98.  INSOLUBLE IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED BY
FILTRATION
 ALUMINIUM SULPHATE TO CLUMP SMALLER CLAY
PARTICLES TOGETHER

99.  CARBON TO REMOVE UNWANTED TASTE & ODOUR
 CHLORINE TO KILL GERMS
 FLUORINE TO PREVENT TOOTH DECAY

100.  NaOH TO REMOVE ACIDITY DUE TO EXCESS Cl₂
 Ca(OH)₂ TO REMOVE HARDNESS OF THE H₂O