1. Warmup 8/30 Has the discovery of America been beneficial or harmful to the human race? Explain in at least 3-5 sentences.

2. Pre-Contact Americas, Discovery & Colonialization Ms. Josephson Woodrow Wilson Senior High School AP US History

3. What is the significance of 1492? Discovery or holocaust? Uninhabited land or 50+ million people? Greater positives than negatives? Introduction of slave trade to new continent. Utopia (1518) Sir Thomas More Ideal society where crime, inustice don’t exist Hold all in common, scorn wealth but—slave labor?

4. The Columbian Exchange

5. Essential Question What causes people to leave their homes & explore new lands?

6. Causes of Exploration Wealth (spices, jewels, drugs, textiles, gold) Mercantilism Religious motives Knowledge For Countries French = Forest, Fish and Firs (3 F’s) Spanish = Gold, God and Glory (3 G’s) Aiming for Asia & “found” America Caravel & Portuguese exploration (Prince Henry the Navigator) Competition between European powers

7. Empires Spain Amerigo Vespucci – America named after him (mistake on map) Treaty of Tordesillas = Line of Demarcation Pope Alexander VI divided new places Spain gets all but Brazil to west of line Portugal gets Africa Vasco de Balboa –Isthmus of Panama to find Pacific Ocean Juan Ponce de Leon- Florida & Fountain of Youth Hernan Cortes-Aztec Empire-1519 Ferdinand Magellan—Circumnavigates the globe Pizarro—Inca Empire-1530s Hernando de Soto—Mississippi River looking for cities of gold Francisco de Coronado—Grand Canyon (1539-1542) for gold 7 Cities myth made up by Indians to avoid conversion/death

8. Empires English Cabot—Newfoundland—1497 Sir Francis Drake &his ‘Sea Dogs’—Voyage around the globe—1577—why? Sir Walter Raleigh—Roanoke Island—1585—The Lost Colony Why so late to the party? French Giovanni de Verrezano—Carolinas to Nova Scotia (1524) Jacques Cartier—St. Lawrence River (1524) Samuel de Champlain—Quebec founded 1608 All looking for Northwest Passage

9. Empires Dutch Henry Hudson (Dutch East India Company)—New Amsterdam aka New York Fort Amsterdam (1614) New Amsterdam on Governors Island (1625)

10. The Black Legend 16th Century—House of Habsburgs (Spain, Austria, Italy, Holland, New World) Protestant rebellions  presentation of Spain as evil destructors of entire race of Indians, Bartolome de lasCasas solution = importation of African slaves Staple crops: Sugar, coffee, rice, indigo Gives English “ideological sanction” to sieze ships, raid Spanish colonial cities & destroy Catholic hold over the New World Spanish Armada destroyed (1588) => no longer able to stop the English from entering the New World

11. First Permanent North American Settlements England—1607—Jamestown France—1608—Quebec—Fish & furs Dutch—1614—Albany/New Amsterdam—Fish & furs Sweden—1638—Deleware Valley—Fish & furs Spain—1749 (Laredo)—1769 (California)—Gold &livestock, Mestizos

12. Essential Questions Why does one group succeed at colonization and another does not?

13. Reasons England Won +++Surplus population (enclosure & debt = English poor seek escape) Indentured servitude Religious persecution Large variety in form of settlement/trades Balanced sex ratio

14. Jamestown Virginia Company of London—1607 Algonquian Indians—30,000—Powhatan Confederacy Food = greatest source of conflict Residents = aristocrats Unwilling to work More interested in GOLD

15. Jamestown Fort

16. Captain John Smith The Right Man for the Job? Farmer’s son & military adventurer President of Jamestown 1608-1609 Encouraged trading & calm interactions with Powhatan Pocahontas? Adoption ceremony? Marriage to John Rolfe

17. Chesapeake Bay Do you see any geographic or environmental problems?

18. English Migration: 1610-1660

19. Jamestown Colonization Pattern: 1620-1660 Large plantations (>100acres) Spread > 5miles apart See any problems there?

20. High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”: 1607: 104 colonists By spring, 1608: 38 survived 1609: 300 more immigrants By spring, 1610: 60 survived 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants 1624 population: 1,200 Adult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: 80%

21. Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War De La Warr Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields. 1614-1622-Peace sealed by Wolfe/Pochahontas 1622—Great Powhatan Uprising 1646—Indians defeated & removed from land

22. Essential Questions How does the purpose or cause of a colony’s founding affect its ensuing society?

23. John Rolfe & Economic Success Virginia’s gold & silver TOBACCO 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622- Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

24. Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710 Why such a steep decline?

25. But who did all the work? Headright System: Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. Indenture Contract: 5-7 years. Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] Forbidden to marry. 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts! Indentured Contract, 1746

26. In-Class Activity What was it like to be an indentured servant in Virginia?

27. The Child of Tobacco Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy: Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing. Ruinous to soil when continuously planted. Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system. Need for cheap, abundant labor.

28. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

29. Growing Political Power The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England Control over finances, militia, etc. By the end of the 17c, Virginia House of Burgesses was able to initiate legislation. A Council appointed by royal governor Mainly leading planters. Functions like House of Lords. High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.

30. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony James I grew hostile to Virginia He hated tobacco. He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition. 1624-he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company. Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!

31. Slavery English Tobacco Label First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. Their status was not clear-- perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants. Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.

32. The Atlantic Slave Trade

33. Good Traded w/Africa for Slaves

34. The Middle Passage

35. Essential Question How did slavery and indentured servitude diverge? Was slavery an economic institution or a racial institution?

36. Early Colonial Slavery Beginning in 1662-- “Slave Codes” Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters. In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write. Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom.

37. Frustrated Free White Men Late 1600 -- large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area. Little access to land or women for marriage. 1670 --The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!

38. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians. Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area. Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. GovernorWilliam Berkeley Nathaniel Bacon

39. Bacon’s Rebellion Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites. Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown. Rebels burned the capital & went on a rampage of plunder Bacon suddenly died of fever. Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

40. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history. Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel -- BLACK SLAVES!!

41. The Settlement of Maryland A royal charter was granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, 1632 A proprietary colony created in 1634 Heathier location than Jamestown Tobacco is to be main crop Plan was to govern as an absentee owner in a feudal relationship (tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

42. A Haven for Catholics Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land Colonists = Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers Conflict between the two led to Lord Baltimore’s loss of proprietary rights at the end of the 17th century Late 1600s—slave import begins Baltimore allowed high degree of freedom of worship to prevent repeat of persecution of Cahtholics by Protestants Protestants feel threatened

43. Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 Maryland Tolerations Act of 1649 Supported by Catholics in MD Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus (like Jews, atheists, etc.) In a way—less tolerant than before the law was passed!

44. British Colonial Settlements by 1660