2. North America
last major prehistoric cultural development
AD 700
Over a great area of the Southeast and the mid-
continent
Intensive cultivation of corn, beans, squash, and
other crops
Politically & culturally each large town
*for educational purposes only*
3. Second largest ceremonial mounds
Flat topped earthen structure : 35 feet high
Large religious and civic rituals
End of the platform : secondary flat-topped
mounds, probably the bases of a temple and
residence of a priest or ruler
Between 1250 and 1600 AD : Natchez people
Political center and point of distribution for goods
Animal remains, ceramic fragments, tools and the
stratigraphy
*for educational purposes only*
5. Ancient indigenous city
650-1400 CE
Largest archaeological
site
Monks Mound
Largest structure
Central of this great city
Massive structure with
four terraces
10 stories tall, largest
man-made earthen
mound north of mexico
Facing south : 92 feet
high, 951 feet long, 836
feet wide
http://www.aartichapati.com/2011/10/tss-interlude-cahokia-mounds.html
*for educational purposes only*
6. Prehistoric archaelogical site
1650-700 BC northeastern louissiana
Core: 500 acres
Center of the site : six concentric curved earthen ridges
separated by flat corridors of earth
Dividing the ridges into 3 sections are 2 ramps that
slope inwardly leading to Bayou Macon.
Ridge : 3 feet high
Approx. diameter : 3 quarters of a mile
*for educational purposes only*
7. Ancient burial site
Largest conical mound
100 foot high bluff,
measures 877 feet in
circumference
Height of 70 feet
http://2nilssons.com/Mountains%20&%20Falls/Etowah%20-%20Mound%20B.jpg*for educational purposes only*
8. Largest effigy mound in the world
Does not contain human remains
1,330 feet in length, 3 feet in height
Head of the serpent : aligned to summer solstice
sunset
Coils : point to the winter solstice sunrise
Adena Indians (800 BC – AD 100)
*for educational purposes only*
10. IGLOO,IGLU
Eskimo House
Blocks of hard snow or
ice, sometimes of sod,
wood, or stone.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo#mediaviewer/File:EskimoIglooDrawing.jpeg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo#mediaviewer/File:Igloo_see-through_sideview_diagram.svg*for educational purposes only*
11. PLANK HOUSE
Large, usually
rectangular house
Constructed of timber
planks
Used by Indians &
Eskimo
http://www.aaanativearts.com/culture-tribal-customs/native-american-homes/1125-
some-pacific-northwest-coast-indians-lived-in-plank-houses.html#axzz37RRjkrog
http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/ED101fa10/cmmac/Tlingit.html
*for educational purposes only*
12. BRUSH SHELTER
Temporary native
American dwellings
Only used for sleeping
in.
Simple wooden frame
covered with brush,
cone-shaped, with one
side left open, or tent-
shaped, with both ends
left open.
http://www.johnsunter.com/shelters/brush%20tp1.jpg
http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2171
*for educational purposes only*
14. PUEBLO
Communal and defensive
structure
Built of adobe or stone
Many-storied terraced
Flat roofs of the chambers
by ladders
Built on the desert floor in
valley, or cliff walls of
mesas.
KIVA
Large underground
Used by men for religious
ceremonies & councils
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_09669_Taos_Pueblo_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg
http://www.crowcanyon.org/educationproducts/peoples_mesa_verde/pueblo_I_overview.asp*for educational purposes only*
15. CHICKEES
Stilt houses
Thick posts supporting a
thatched roof and a flat
wooden platform raised
several feet off the ground
without walls
http://access.sd25.org/curriculum/NativeAmericans/chickee.html*for educational purposes only*
16. WATTLE AND DAUB
HOUSES (ASI)
Native American
houses
Made by weaving river
cane, wood, and vines
into a frame, then
coating the frame with
plaster.
Roof was either
thatched with grass or
shingled with bark.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/92358/Reconstruction-of-a-Natchez-
house-and-granary-at-the-Grand
*for educational purposes only*
17. GRASS HOUSES
Southern Plains by
tribes such as the
Caddos
Made with a wooden
frame bent into a
beehive shape and
thatched with long
prairie grass
Large buildings,
sometimes more than
40 feet tall
http://www.native-languages.org/images/grass2.jpg
http://pw1.netcom.com/~wandaron/Caddo.jpg*for educational purposes only*
18. TEPEES
Tent-like American
Indian houses used by
Plains tribes.
Cone-shaped wooden
frame with a covering
of buffalo hide
Tribe move from one
place to another place,
would bring their own
tipi poles and hide tent
along with them.
12 feet high
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/albright3/chap7c.htm
*for educational purposes only*
19. LONGHOUSES
Irquois tribes
Similar to wigwams, pole frames and elm bark covering
Longhouses are much, much larger than wigwams
150 feet long, 20 feet wide & 20 feet high
Raised platforms created a second story for sleeping space
Mats & wood screens divided the longhouse into separate
rooms.
60 people
http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/IroquoisVillage/images/figure1longhouselg.gif
*for educational purposes only*
20. WIGWAMS
Algonquian Indians
8-10 feet tall
Wooden frames with woven
mats & sheets of birch bark
Frame can be shaped like a
dome, like a cone, or like a
rectangle with an arched
roof
Ropes or strings of wood
are wrapped around the
wigwam to hold the bark in
place.
http://www.native-languages.org/houses.htm*for educational purposes only*
21. Masonry
Pueblo or communal
dwellings
800 room a piece
Pre-history Anasazi
Indians
Great social &
ceremonial centers of
the American
Southwest
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park#mediaviewer/File
:Chaco_Canyon_Chetro_Ketl_great_kiva_plaza_NPS.jpg*for educational purposes only*
22. Largest & Best known Great house
Ancestral pueblo people
AD 828 and 1126
Two sections : precisely aligned wall,
symmetrical pattern
Great Kiva
Either side of wall
Kivas or ceremonial structures
Large central courtyard
Interior living spcaes
2 acres (8,000sqm) incorporates at least
650 rooms
Tiered structure : four & five stories high
Builder’s use of core and veneer
architecture & multi-story construction
produced massive masonry walls
http://www.colorado.edu/Conferences/chaco/tour/images/pb2n.jpg
*for educational purposes only*
23. 2400 BCE – 300 CE
MesoAmerican civilization took
shape
Meso America 1150-400 BCE
Gulf coast lowlands
Jade carving
Mother culture of civilization
*for educational purposes only*
24. C. 1200-500 BCE
Tropical lowland of the
Mexican Gulf coasts
Temple-Pyramids
Large ceremonial centers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Venta_site_plan.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Venta_Mosaic_%28Ruben_Charles%29.jpg*for educational purposes only*
25. Peruvian civilizations
1000-300 BCE
Worship of the jaguar god,
characterized by excellent gold
stone scuplture,elaborate gold
work, and remarkable ceramic
CHAVIN DE HUANTAR
Center of the chavin culture
Elevated 10,000 in the Cordillera
Blanca of the NW Andes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG/285px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantar#mediaviewer/File:Chavin_circular_plaza_cyark.jpg*for educational purposes only*
26. Pre-Indian culture
N.coast of Peru
200 BCE - 700 BCE
TEMPLE OF THE SUN
Mud-brick building in the Pre-Hispanic
new world
Construction of the temple was
additive; new layers of brick were laid
directly on top of the old; hence large
quantities of bricks were required for
its construction.
130 million adobe bricks
http://www.garystravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Temple-of-the-Sun-Teotihuacan-300x225.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_the_Sun,_Palenque.jpg*for educational purposes only*
27. TEMPLE OF THE MOON
Largely ceremonial and religious function
Contains burials as well
Later bricks in the structure bear one of over 100 different markings,
corresponding to each group of laborers
http://jackmaryetc.com/Travel/Americas/Mexico/Images/TeoMoonTemp.jpg
*for educational purposes only*
28. Of or pertaining to the Americans before the voyages of
Columbia
Meso American culture from 00-900 CE
Development of hieroglyphic writing
3000 and 900 CE
Meso American
Central Mexico and the Yucatan peninsula to Honduras and Nicaragua
Cultures excelled in astronomy and measurement of time, and shared
temp pyramids and a pantheon of deities including sun, wind, and rain
Gods.
*for educational purposes only*
29. Past & present Indians of Guatemala, Belize
Created one of American’s greatest civilizations
Major Capitals
Tikal
Palenque
Seipan
Copan
Calakmul
Motul de San Jose
Hieroglyphic writing
*for educational purposes only*
30. 1 CE – to its peak in 9 CE
Character
Magnificent ceremonial centers
Temple-pyramids
Ritual Ball courts
Spacious plazas
Palaces
Sculptured façade
Lower than temple-pyramids
Numerous rooms
Arranged around courts along with temples
*for educational purposes only*
31. TEMPLE PYRAMIDS
Most impt. Building type
Flat roofs
One entrance square headed
door
Windowless
Decorated with symbols and
glyphs connected with their gods.
Masonry facing
TIKAL
Largest & earliest Mayan City
Main ceremonial center
Had distinct pyramids
Most beautiful of all Mayan cities
7 BCE marked the western
reaches of Maya expansion
http://www.history.com/photos/mesoamerican-pyramids/photo9
*for educational purposes only*
32. PALENQUE
Medium size site
Has finest architecture, sculpture, roof
comb and bas-relief carvings
TEMPLE OF INSCRIPTIONS
7c, stepped mound of earth,
faced with stone
Tomb of the Mayan king Pacal
Temple of the top of the pyramid
has carved panels describing the events
of the king’s reign
King Pacal’s tomb
Sarcophagus covered by a large rectangular stone
slab
5 tones heavy, 12.5’ long
Only tomb temple in Mexico
Central plaza
Central area that is only visible
Other parts of the city covered by rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_the_Inscriptions#mediaviewer/File:Palenque_temple_1.jpg
*for educational purposes only*
33. Held power over Mexico
Built : Tenochtitian; walled
compound, center of Aztec
religion
Practice human sacrifice,
believing it pleases the gods
Pyramidal temples were similar
to Mayans
They had many gods &
goddesses.
Great Temple of Tenochtitlan
Twin shrines on top dedicated
to Tlaloc, the god of rain and
Huitzilopochtli, the god of war.
*for educational purposes only*
34. South America’s first great builders
15th
century
Buildings were irregularly shaped stones;
which skilled stonemasons ground to fit
tighter perfectly
MACHU PICCHU
3,150 m above sea level
Stone blocks of the stairs linking its
different levels were cut so precisely
that no mortar was required
Terraced City
Temple of the sun palace, building
of local stone and terraces for
crop growing Machu Picchu is
typical of Inca provincial city.
The building varies in shape, but
most have trapezoid window and
doorways.
http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/Earth_Images_05.html
*for educational purposes only*
35. TIAHUANACO
Precursors to the Inca Empire
As ritual & administrative
capital of a major state power
for approximately 500 years
GATE OF THE SUN
1000 years old
Cut from a single block of
stone 3 m high
http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/ancient-time-keepers-archaeoastronomy/*for educational purposes only*