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社会学自主勉強会 
2013.11.25
自己紹介 
1. 小林ゼミ(アートマネジメント) 
2. フラメンコ 
→ 文化活動におけるつながりに関心
文献 
Brian Uzzi, Jarrett Spiro. 
“Collaboration and Creativity: 
The Small World Problem.” 
American Journal of Sociology. 2005
概要 
芸術生産活動において、 
アーティストのネットワークが、 
創造性に与える影響を明らかにした
対象 
Broadway Musical
構成 
理論的な仮説提示と統計的な検証 
→今回は仮説をメインに扱う
仮説 
The relationship between a network’s small 
world typology and performance is U-shaped. 
Specifically, the financial and artistic success 
of a production increases at medium levels 
of Q and decreases at either low and high 
levels of Q. The financial and artistic success 
of a season of productions increases at 
medium levels of Q and decreases at either 
low or high levels of Q.
仮説 
(1)ネットワークの「小さな世界」類型と、パ 
フォーマンスの関係はU字形である 
(2)特に、制作物の経済的な成功と芸術的な成功は、 
Q が中程度のときに上昇し、Q が低度もしくは高度の 
ときには減少する 
(3)以上の関係は、制作物のシーズンごとの成功に 
も当てはまる
ネットワーク 
頂点と辺で構成 
→アクターどうしの関係性を表現・分析
小さな世界 
highly locally clustered 
+ 
a short path length
小さな世界 
小さな世界指数Q 
Q = CC ratio / PL ratio 
PL = average path length 
CC = cluster coefficient
小さな世界問題 
「社会全体がどれくらい緻密なネットワーク 
構造によって構成されているのか」 
Stanley Milgram 
“The Small-World Problem” 
Psychology Today, 1967 
→6次の隔たり
アートワールド 
芸術の世界は、ネットワークだ
Art World of Broadway 
ミュージカルは、 
6人のフリーランス・アーティストの協働 
によって制作される 
作曲家作詞家台本作家 
振付師ディレクタープロデューサー 
→彼らのネットワークを分析
Art World of Broadway
Art World of Flamenco
仮説 
ネットワークの「小さな世界」類型と、 
パフォーマンスの関係はU字形である
パフォーマンス 
経済的成功と芸術的成功
パフォーマンス 
経済的成功 
→ Variety: The International Entertainment 
Weekly による三段階評価。hit, flop, failure.
パフォーマンス 
芸術的成功 
→ Suskin. Opening Night on Broadway: A 
Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the 
musical Theater. 1990 による、新聞11紙の批 
評データを利用。 
五段階。pan(-2), unfavorable(-1), mixed(0), 
favorable(+1), rave(+2)
仮説 
ネットワークの「小さな世界」類型と、 
パフォーマンスの関係はU字形である
U字形 
①小さな世界指数が低い時はあまり成功しない 
②小さな世界指数が中程度の時は最も成功する 
③小さな世界指数が高い時はあまり成功しない
U字形 
Creative Material: 
芸術生産のための資源=アイデア 
→特に、自分が所属するクラスターの外からも 
たらされるアイデアは創造性の源 
→ただし、そのような(斬新な)アイデアを活 
用するリスクをとるには、自分が所属するクラ 
スターにおける結束も必要
U字形
U字形 
小さな世界は… 
・highly locally clustered 
→ リスクをとるためのつながり 
・a short path length 
→ 別のクラスターとのつながり 
の両方を提供する 
⇒ 小さな世界であるほど、Creative Material 
は有効に活用され、創造性が発揮される!
U字形 
ただし… 
小さな世界になりすぎると、クラスター間の差 
異が失われていき、斬新なアイデアの流通は減 
少して、創造性は失われる
逆U字形 
アーティストのネットワークにおける小さな 
世界指数Qと、ミュージカルの成功は、逆U 
字形の関係である
仮説 
ネットワークの「小さな世界」類型と、 
パフォーマンスの関係はU字形である
検証 
論文の後半では、小さな世界指数Qや、 
経済的成功・芸術的成功の指標を用 
いて、仮説の検証が行われています
コメント 
・同様の検証を日本で行うことの困難 
→メディアによる芸術作品のレビューの少なさ。芸 
術文化の評価の問題は、アートマネジメントでも争 
点に。
コメント 
・組織間のネットワークが気になる 
→ NPOのネットワーク、文化施設のネットワーク 
などの必要性が主張されているが、そのようなネッ 
トワークの役割は社会関係資本から捉えられるのだ 
ろうか。
ご清聴ありがとうございました

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Collaboration and creativity