The document summarizes key problems in healthcare, including medication errors and access to healthcare. It discusses types of medication errors, recommendations to prevent them, and defines access to healthcare. It notes that medication errors cause over 1.5 million preventable injuries annually in the US. Lack of access results in millions of unnecessary child deaths from preventable diseases due to inability to obtain treatment. The document was researched by three authors who divided topics and collaborated to create an informative presentation.

1. PROBLEMS IN
HEALTHCARE
Emily Moore,
Hloniphani Juta
& Jasmine Paul

2. Introduction
 Health care utilization can be appropriate
or inappropriate, of high or low
quality, expensive or inexpensive.
 Socially
 Economically
 Politically

3.  Hospital setting
-Medication errors
-Hospital acquired infections
-Communication
-Patient confidentiality
-Incorrect use of equipment

4.  Community based environment
-Access to health care
-Effective delivery of services
-Costs
-Social gradient

5. 5
Medication Errors
Patient safety is a central concern of health
care delivery system.
Important indicator of health care quality.
1.5 million preventable medication error each
year in the USA.
Injuries due to errors in medication
prescribing, dispensing and administration are
preventable.

6. 6
TYPES OF MEDICATION ERRORS
TYPE DEFINTION
Prescribing Incorrect drug selection, illegible
error prescription
Omission error Failure to administer the drug
Wrong time Administration of medicine before
error predefined time
Unauthorised Administration of medicine not
drug error authorised by a legitimate prescriber.
Improper Administering drug greater or lesser
dose error dose than ordered dose.
DR. L. RAJESWARAN

7. 7
TYPES OF MEDICATION ERRORS
TYPE DEFINTION
Prescribing Incorrect drug selection, illegible
error prescription
Omission error Failure to administer the drug
Wrong time Administration of medicine before
error predefined time
Unauthorised Administration of medicine not
drug error authorised by a legitimate prescriber.
Improper Administering drug greater or lesser
dose error dose than ordered dose.

8. 8
TYPES OF MEDICATION ERRORS
TYPE DEFINITION
Wrong dose Administration to the patient of a different product in a
form error different dosage
Wrong drug Drug product incorrectly formulated or manipulated
preparation
Wrong Inappropriate or improper technique in the
administration- administration
technique
error
Deteriorated Administration of a drug that has been expired
drug error
Monitoring Failure to review a prescribed regimen for
error appropriateness & detection of problems
Compliance Inappropriate patient behaviour regarding adherence.
error

9. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
PREVENTING MEDICATION
ERRORS
 Organizational
recommendations
 recommendations for nurses
 Recommendations for prescribers

10. Access to Healthcare:
Definition
 The ability to receive healthcare
services, both by obtaining available
persons and supplies, and paying
expenses of the services.
 Access refers to both entry and use

11. Core Issues With Access to
Healthcare  2. Ability to pay
 1.Ability to obtain expenses
care/treatment
 Lack of health
 Simple: sterile insurance
dressing
kit, vaccines  Living in poverty
 Complex:
cardiologist, MRI
machine

12. Core Issues: Facts
Inability to obtain care/treatment
 Approximately 9 million children die each
year before they turn 5 years of age due
to infectious diseases
 Inability to obtain immunizations and proper
treatment unnecessary deaths

13. Core Issues: Facts
Inability to pay expenses
 Approximately 69 million school-aged children are
not in school, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa (31
million) and Southern Asia (8 million)
 Lack of education lack of a stable
career/inability to make healthy life choices
increased need for the healthcare system, with little
money to utilize services

14. Why is this Problem Important?
 When access to healthcare is compromised, it can
lead to millions of unnecessary deaths such as
Tuberculosis and Malaria, that can be easily
prevented with the use of existing medications.

15. 15
REFERRENCES
 American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Guidelines on preventing medication errors in hospitals.
Retrieved April 4, 2012, from www.ashp.org
 Global Health Progress. (2012). The issues: Access to care. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from
http://www.globalhealthprogress.org/issues/access to care
 Green, M. (2002). The economics of health care. Retrieved April 4, 2012, from
http://www.oheschools.org/ohech1pg1.html
 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organization (JCAHO). Retrieved April 4, 2012,
from www.joincommission.org
 Penchansky, R., & Thomas, J.W. (1981). The concepts of access: Definition and relationships to
consumer satisfaction. Pub Med, 19(2), 127-140
 Shah, A. (2011). Health care around the world. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from
http://www.globalissues.org/article/774/health-care-around-the-world
 Swedish Health Care. (2012). Retrieved April 3, 2012, from
http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Society/Health-care/
 United Nations. (2012). Millennium development goals. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml
 United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2004). Health care in America: Trends in
utilization. Retrieved April 3, 2012, from
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/healthcare.pdf

16. Search Strategies
 We brainstormed the fundamental issues we felt were
the biggest problems in healthcare. We listed these and
to support our claims we sought out scholarly journals
and non-governmental websites such as United Nations
and the World Health Organization. The two most
prevalent issues through our research was medication
errors and access to healthcare
 We used databases such as Pub Med, CINAHL, and
Google Scholar
 In order to reach a comprehensive synthesis on our two
issues, we collaborated and divided our topics into
subtopics: facts, specific types of issues within the
problem itself, and how and why the problems are
important to understand

17. Collaboration Process
 We divided the topics democratically by individually
choosing which problems we wanted to focus on in our
presentation. For instance, Emily was delegated the
position of providing the introduction, Juta researched
the issue of medication errors, and Jasmine researched
access to healthcare
 We worked individually on our chosen issues and came
together twice to combine our ideas and power point
presentations, as well as edited the presentation
together
 To select the presenter, we discussed who felt most
comfortable as this is a new course with individuals from
different backgrounds and experience. We all felt
comfortable and so we made a vote