JDBC was designed to be very compact, simple interface focusing on the execution of raw SQL statements and retrieving the results. The goal of creating JDBC is to create an interface that keeps simple tasks, while ensuring the more difficult and uncommon tasks are at least made possible.

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JAVA DATABASE CONNECTIVITY
[JDBC]
JDBC was designed to be very compact, simple interface focusing on the
execution of raw SQL statements and retrieving the results. The goal of
creating JDBC is to create an interface that keeps simple tasks, while
ensuring the more difficult and uncommon tasks are at least made
possible.
The following are the characteristics of JDBC:
 It is a call-level SQL interface for java
 It does not restrict the type of queries passed to an underlying DBMS
driver
 JDBC mechanism are simple to understand and use
 It provides a java interface that stays consistent with the rest of the
Java system
 JDBC may be implemented on top of common SQL level APIs.
Microsoft ODBC API offers connectivity to almost all databases on all
platforms and is the most widely used programming interface for accessing
relational database. But ODBC [open database connectivity] cannot be
directly used with java programs. Hence the need for JDBC came into
existence.
It is possible to access various relational databases like Sybase, Oracle,
Informix, Ingers, using JDBC API. Using JDBC, we can write individual
programs to connect to individual database or one program that take care
of connecting to the respective database.
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 JAVA and JDBC
The combination of java with JDBC is very useful because it lets the
programmer run his/her program on different platforms, Java programs are
secure, robust, automatically downloaded from the network and java is a
good language to create database applications.
JDBC API enables Java applications to interact with different types of
database. It is possible to publish vital information from a remote database
on a web page using a java applet. With increasing inclination of
programmers towards Java, knowledge about JDBC is essential.
Some of the advantages of using Java with JDBC are as follows:
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Easy and economical
Continued usage of already installed databases
Development time is short
Installation and version control simplified
 How does JDBC work?
JDBC defines a set of API objects and methods to interact with the
underlying database. A Java program first opens a connection to the
database, makes a statement object, passes SQL statements to the
underlying database management system (DBMS) through the statement
object and retrieve the results as well as information about the result set.
There are two types of interfaces
 low –level interface
 high-level interface.
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While high level interfaces are user-friendly, low-level interfaces are
not user-friendly.
JDBC is a low-level API interface, ie. it used to invoke or call SQL
commands directly. The required SQL statements are passed as
strings to Java methods.
Some of the current trend that are being developed to add more features to
JDBC are embedded SQL for java and direct mapping of relational
database to java classes.
Embedded SQL enables mixing of java into SQL statements. These
statements are translated into JDBC calls using SQL Processor. In this
type of direct mapping of relational database tables to java, each row of the
table becomes an instance of the class and each column value
corresponds to an attribute of that instance. Mapping is being provided that
makes rows of multiple tables to form a java class.
 JDBC VS ODBC
The most widely used interface to access relational database today is
Microsoft‘s ODBC API. ODBC performs similar tasks as that of JDC(Java
Development Connection) and yet JDBC is preferred due to the following
reasons :
 ODBC cannot be directly used with Java because it uses a C
interface. Calls from Java to native C code have a number of
drawbacks in the security, implementation, robustness and automatic
portability of applications.
 ODBC makes use of pointers which have been totally removed from
Java
 ODBC mixes simple and advanced features together and has
complex options for simple queries. But JDBC is designed to keep
things simple while allowing advanced capabilities when required.
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 JDBC API is a natural Java Interface and is built on ODBC. JDBC
retains some of the basic features of ODBC like X/Open SQL Call
Level Interface.
 JDBC is to Java programs and ODBC is to programs written in
languages other than Java.
 ODBC is used between applications and JDBC is used by Java
programmers to connect to databases.
 About JDBC:
The JDBC API is in the package java.sql it consists of 8 interfaces, 6
classes and 3 exceptions in JDK1.1.
Interfaces:
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CallableStatement
Connection
DatabaseMetaData
Driver
PreparedStatement
ResultSet
ResultSetMetaData
Statement
Classes:
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Date
DriverManager
DriverPropertyInfo
Time
Timestamp
Types
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Exceptions:
 DataTruncation
 SQLException
 SQLWarning
JDBC DRIVER MODEL
JDBC Driver Types :
There are 4 types of JDBC drivers :
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 JDBC Type 1 Driver - They are JDBC-ODBC Bridge drivers i.e,
Translate JDBC into ODBC and use Windows ODBC built in drivers.
They delegate the work of data access to ODBC API. They are the
slowest of all. SUN provides a JDBC/ODBC driver implementation.
 JDBC Type 2 Driver - They mainly use native API for data access ie.
Converts JDBC to data base vendors native SQL calls and provide
Java wrapper classes to be able to be invoked using JDBC drivers
like Type 1 drivers; requires installation of binaries on each client.
 JDBC Type 3 Driver - Translates JDBC to a DBMS independent
network protocol. They are written in 100% Java and use vendor
independent Net-protocol to access a vendor independent remote
listener. This listener in turn maps the vendor independent calls to
vender dependent ones. This extra step adds complexity and
decreases the data access efficiency.
 JDBC Type 4 Driver - They are also written in 100% Java and are
the most efficient among all driver types. It compiles into the
application, applet or servlet; doesn‘t require anything to be installed
on client machine, except JVM. It also converts JDBC directly to
native API used by the RDBMS.
The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for
database access.
 Two-tier Architecture for Data Access
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In the two-tier model, a Java application talks directly to the data source.
This requires a JDBC driver that can communicate with the particular data
source being accessed.
A user's commands are delivered to the database or other data source,
and the results of those statements are sent back to the user. The data
source may be located on another machine to which the user is connected
via a network.
This is referred to as a client/server configuration, with the user's machine
as the client, and the machine housing the data source as the server. The
network can be an intranet, which, for example, connects employees within
a corporation, or it can be the Internet.
 Three-tier Architecture for Data Access:
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In the three-tier model, commands are sent to a "middle tier" of services,
which then sends the commands to the data source. The data source
processes the commands and sends the results back to the middle tier,
which then sends them to the user. MIS directors find the three-tier model
very attractive because the middle tier makes it possible to maintain control
over access and the kinds of updates that can be made to corporate data.
Another advantage is that it simplifies the deployment of applications.
Finally, in many cases, the three-tier architecture can provide performance
advantages.
Until recently, the middle tier has often been written in languages such as C
or C++, which offer fast performance. However, with the introduction of
optimizing compilers that translate Java byte code into efficient machinespecific code and technologies such as Enterprise JavaBeans™, the Java
platform is fast becoming the standard platform for middle-tier
development. This is a big plus, making it possible to take advantage of
Java's robustness, multithreading, and security features.
With enterprises increasingly using the Java programming language for
writing server code, the JDBC API is being used more and more in the
middle tier of a three-tier architecture. Some of the features that make
JDBC a server technology are its support for connection pooling,
distributed transactions, and disconnected row sets. The JDBC API is also
what allows access to a data source from a Java middle tier.
 SQL CONFORMANCE
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard language used to
access relational databases, unfortunately, there are no standards set at
present for it for ex, problems may arise due to the variations in different
data types of different databases. JDBC defines a set of generic SWL types
identifiers in the class Java.SQL.Types
Ways of dealing with SQL conformance
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JDBC deals with SQL conformance by performing the following :
 JDBC API allows any query string to be passed through to an
underlying DBMS driver. But there are possibilities of getting an error
on some DBMS.
 Provision of ODBC style escape closes.
 Provision of descriptive information about the DBMS using an
interface, DatabaseMetaData.
 The designation JDBC Compliant was created to set a standard level
of JDBC functionality on which users can rely. Only the ANSI SQL 2
entry level supported drivers can make use of this designation.
 The conformance tests check for the existence of all classes and
methods defined in the JDBC API and SQL entry level functionality.
 Types of Driver Managers
JDBC contains three components:
1. Application,
2. Driver Manager,
3. Driver.
The user application invokes JDBC methods to send SQL statements to
the database and retrieves results. JDBC driver manager is used to
connect Java applications to the correct JDBC driver . JDBC driver test
suite is used to ensure that the installed JDBC driver is JDBC Compliant.
There are four different types of JDBC drivers as follows
1. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge plus ODBC driver :
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The JDBC-ODBC Bridge plus ODBC driver is a JavaSoft Bridge protocol
that provides JDBC access via ODBC drivers. But as we have mentioned
earlier, combining ODBC brings in a lot of drawbacks and limitations, since
the ODBC driver has to be installed on each client machine, it is not
advisable to choose this type of driver for large networks.
2. Native-API partly-Java driver :
Native-API partly-Java driver converts JDBC calls into calls on the client
API for Oracle, Sybase, Informix or other DBMS. But some binary code has
to be loaded on all client like the bridge driver and hence is not suitable for
large networks.
3. JDBC-Net pure Java driver:
JDBC-Net pure Java driver translates JDBC calls into DBMS independent
net protocol. A server again translates this protocol to a DBMS protocol.
The net server middleware connects its pure Java clients to many different
databases. The type of protocol in this middleware depends on the vendor.
4. Native-protocol pure Java driver :
Native-protocol pure Java driver convert JDBC calls to network protocols
used by the DBMSs directly. Requests from client machines are made
directly to the DBMS server.
Drivers 3 and 4 are the most preferred ways to access databases from
JDBC drivers
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