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Precision Organics
Opportunities for improved efficiency and
    effectiveness of field operations



            Joel Gruver
            WIU- Agriculture
           j-gruver@wiu.edu
             (309) 298 1215
WIU/Allison Farm Field Day




I am not an ag engineer
      or a techie
PRECISION




    Currently only available upon request
         Will soon be downloadable
               from our website
http://www.wiu.edu/cbt/agriculture/farms/organic/
High tech precision & old school attention to detail
Some larger-scale organic
  grain farmers like Lynn
 Brakke are using a lot of
   precision technology
In 2012, I witnessed a new level of attention to detail
Sweeps were adjusted
     many times
throughout the day to
 achieve desired soil
  flow into the row
Precision Organics
105 F in the shade :-<
Excellent article by
 Mary and Klaas Martens

http://www.acresusa.com/toolbox/reprints/Organic%20weed%20control_aug02.pdf
Dad… just think
 what we can do
with RTK guidance
   on this farm!
Attention to detail
is key to success in
all types of farming
It takes a high level of
 skill and will to be a
   successful organic
        farmer!
How many of you can plant a straight row?
Whatever skill level you bring to the table
can be augmented by GPS guidance technology
Farmers like Mike Findlay are
 using RTK guidance on both
 their planter and cultivating
   tractors but planting with
  guidance makes cultivating
    without guidance much
             easier
Blind cultivation is also enhanced by guidance
Ridge-till - the original guidance and controlled traffic system
http://www.slideshare.net/jbgruver/ridgetill-succesful-farming-jan-1986
Most of the power required for tillage isAgriCanada
 associated with undoing wheel traffic




             Without restricted
             traffic, most field
             surfaces receive
              traffic each year
RTK-guidance/auto-steer makes
               controlled traffic much easier




www.mitchellfarm.com
Jacob Bolson and Roger Knutson




        Strip intercropping: 2010: 230 bu/ac
http://cornandsoybeandigest.com/precision-ag/farming-edge-strip-intercropping-
                edges-capture-more-light-reward-higher-yields
More light = More yield




www.cedarvalleyinnovation.com
Precision Organics
8 ways that your equipment may get smarter

 1. Enhanced guidance and connectivity,
          implements guiding tractors
       and not the other way around
  2. Autonomous machines? Eventually
            3. Smarter telemetrics
               4. Better sensors
      5. Improve diesel fuel economy
      6. Emission regs drive change
                 7. Small is big
               8. Going electric
http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/index.php/2012/03/04/the-end-of-the-chemical-era/
                               Big equipment companies are starting to
                                    design new cultivation tools for
                                 controlling herbicide resistant weeds
A few companies even
specialize in precision
     cultivation
“Flexibility to satisfy all your hoe requirements”
Precision Organics
The Tillet Weeder uses computer technology and a spinning blade to remove
  weeds. Note the disc-shaped cultivation blade with a notched cut-out to
            allow the blade to spin around transplanted cabbage.
Garford dealer – Canadian company that sells into the Upper Midwest
start up company – no commercial products yet




           http://bluerivert.com/
BRTs
 vision for
the future
The founding team is two brothers, one a
                              large-scale dairyman from NY State and the
                             other an engineer and environmental scientist
                              based in Minnesota. We are working closely
                             with a robotics team that has deep experience
                                 engineering high-quality products for
     start up company                agriculture and other markets.
no commercial products yet




                                      Robotic weeding 1 row at a time?????
Precision Organics
Precision Organics
Precision Organics
Precision Organics
Precision Organics
Precision Organics
Precise banding will probably be needed for ROI
What is PRECISION COVER CROPPING???

 1) Planting of cover crops with a precision planter

2) strategic placement of cover crop rows in relation
to other cover cover rows and/or the following cash
        crop rows (often using GPS guidance)

  3) Strategic placement of cover crops in specific
                fields or parts of fields

  4) Selection and management of cover crops to
             achieve specific objectives
Precision planting
http://www.extension.org/pages/64400/radishes-a-new-cover-crop-for-organic-farming-systems
September 2008
Attempt #2
Attempt #3




 Radish planted on 30” rows using
small milo plates in mid-August 2010
Corn following cover crop experiment (2011)
                                          Relative
       Cover crop system
                                         corn yield
      Volunteer oats                       79%
  Radishes planted on 30”                  99%
  Radishes drilled on 7.5”                 91%

Corn planted directly over radish rows
May 2012
Radish planted on 30” rows with RTK guidance on August 29th
             right before Hurricane Isaac rolled in
4 days later
Precision Organics
7 days after planting
10 days after planting
~ 1 month later
Why are the inter-rows so clean?
We had just cultivated the radishes!



     +20 bu/a corn in plots
      w/ fall cultivation vs.
     no cultivation of radish
              in 2012
~ 2 weeks later
Precision Organics
December 2012




    We are planning to plant corn
directly over the radish rows in 2013
Precision radishes w/o peas

    Precision planted radishes w/ peas from 5 ft of row




Radishes with peas were ~20% larger
Crimson                                  Chick
 clover                                  peas



          We are using small plots to
           identify cover crops that
              play well together


Green                                    Fava
lentils                                 beans
Sunflower     Oats




Rapeseed    Phacelia
Do you want
both species to
  winter kill?
Precision Organics
Precision Organics
Planted with a drill in late September 2012


    Precision planting may allow you
     to plant your cover crops later



     Radish       Radish   Radish

         Cereal        Cereal
          Rye           Rye
Little
radishes
can have
  long
 roots!
Precision Organics
Would you be comfortable
 planting a field in this
       condition?
Planting right on
  top of ridged
    radishes
Last fall we set up a 6 row bar
             with Yetter Mavericks




We plan to freshen rows before planting as needed
Why is there rapeseed on the edge of this bean field?




             We ran rapeseed (2 lbs/a)
             through insecticide boxes
            while planting these soybeans
40 lbs of cereal rye planted directly over
          soybean rows in 2011




    The cereal rye and rapeseed both died
    when the crop canopied. No significant
      effect on yield, some in-row weed
              suppression in 2011
Insecticide boxes do a good job of metering small seeds
A little extra N can make a big difference




                         +20 lbs N/a
Triple S mix
Sunflowers, Soybeans & Sunnhemp
What do you
think is in this CC
    cocktail?
You won’t really
know what is in a mix
 unless you design it.
Aerial seeded annual ryegrass
         in April 2012
10’ Howard Rotavator tilling ~ 3” deep with C blades
Annual ryegrass after chisel plowing




Chiseling before rotavating worked best!
Planting into poorly digested red clover residues




           25-50% stand loss
   Near perfect stands in all other corn
    plots on the farm this past spring
Organic No-till?

                                 Much less
                                 weed seed
                                germination




Rodale roller




    …but few
   options for
     weed
  termination
                 Cultimulcher
Early July 2009
August 2009
Early November 2009




Plot yields ranged from 51.6 to 58.6 bu/ac
    No significant differences between systems
November 2010




    Significant foxtail pressure
  but almost no broadleaf weeds

Plot yields ranged from 42-52 bu/ac
November 2011




The NT bean plots yielded
~10 bu more than the best
   tillage system plots
April 2012
May 10 2012
Double drilled with 4” offset
Mid June
All of July :-<
NT bean yields ranged from ~ 30 to ~ 60 bu/a


                                60 b/a in wet hole




       30-40 b/a in
     well drained areas
Our cleanest and best yielding beans
 in 2012 were conventional-till but
  we have not been able to achieve
this level of weed control every year.
Where are the soybeans??
  Traditional organic weed management often
        comes up short during wet years

A strong stand of cereal rye was incorporated ~ 2
   weeks before these soybeans were planted
CCs affect many agronomic factors
          simultaneously
                                              Control
                                              erosion




       Feed
    livestock
                Cover
                Crops




                        Adapted from Magdoff and Weil (2004)
Not all effects are positive
                   Host
                   pests
                                Tie up N
                                                    ?                  ?
        Become a
          weed
                                                               Interfere w/
                                                                equipment
                                                               performance
Suppress crop
   growth
                    Cover
                    Crops                               Dry out soil
                                       Prevent          excessively
                                      soil drying
    Add cost


                    Increase
                   management




                                           Adapted from Magdoff and Weil (2004)
Greater precision in farming practices
     increases the likelihood of
         intended outcomes

  More positive and fewer negative effects
This is what we were hoping for
 in the field where we ended up planting our
   precision radish experiment in fall 2012!
This is what we may end up with :-<

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