1. Exam 3, debriefing
multiple- choice .21 x 57 =
12 possible pts.
Essay............8 possible
pts.

2. Exam Point Breakdown
Exam I
 essays, 4 pts.;
 multiple choice, 16 pts.
Exam II
 essays, 6 pts.;
 multiple choice, 14 pts.
Exam III
 essays, 8 pts.;
 multiple choice, 12 pts.
Exam IV
 essays, 10 pts.
 multiple choice, 10 pts.

3. Expository Style:
 Opening paragraph
 Body; closing
Proper Grammar
 Punctuation
 Tense, spelling, etc.
Rhetoric- terms; concepts
Logic- examples; statistical support
Efficient- brief, concise
Effective- clear

4. Essay Guidelines –continued-
• Proper Citations
- adhere to APA referencing system
Example:
The sociological imagination concept
refers to….” the ability to see the relationship
between individual experiences and the larger
society” (Kendall, 2008: pg. 5).
- appearing at the end of your essays, is a
bibliography section).

5. ESSAY QUESTION
There are a number of significant
demographic trends (i.e., population shifts)
extant in the U.S. which is altering the
population mix in the U.S.
Discuss 3 of these major trends; addressing 1
salient cause of and 1 major social
consequence for each of these 3 trends.

6. The Population Trends
Identified in the following 2
slideshare posted slides

7. Demographic
Trends/Changes:
Social Consequences:
Overall • Tax Burden
Population • Crime Rates
• Social Entitlement Programs
Minorities, (i.e., Medicare, Social Security)
White will require modification (i.e.,
mean’s testing)
Urban Growth • Minority Group Presence
(Chapter 19)
• Poverty & Disability
Younger
Older

8. Immigrants
Differential
Birth rates:
Minorities
Less educated Family
Service Economy; Agriculture
Baby Boomers,
Differential Health Care Access & Life-style
choices
Evolving into Democratic/Socialistic Gov’t Framework

9. Example; Excellent 3rd Essay prepared by
a former student; received full credit
(i.e., 8 pts.)

10. The United States is the third largest populated country in the
world and accounts for 4.6% of the world’s total population.
It is expected that in the next few years that this country’s
population will reach twice the size and as a result of
significant demographic trends extant in the U.S. the
population mix will be considerably different from what it is
today (Shrestha, 2006). Social Scientists working in the field
of demography, which is a subfield of Sociology that
examines the population size, compositions, and distribution,
have learned through research that the age composition,
racial and ethnic diversity, and urban growth will be three of
the contributing trends that will impact the population mix of
this country. These trends will present significant
consequences on society and put extensive strains on the
economy, thus impacting the tax burden imposed on the
citizens. (Kendall, 2008 Chapter 12, 19).

11. During the last 25 years the United States has been in the midst
of a profound demographic change: the rapid aging of its
population, as reflected by an increasing proportion of persons
aged 65 and older. A major contributing factor to this phenomenon
is the fact that Baby Boomers (those born between 1946 and
1964) are moving into middle age. The number of citizens age 65
and older increased significantly between 1980 and 2000. Today a
much larger percentage of the US is over the age of 65 and
according to the US Census Bureau about 20% of the population
will be age 65 or over by 2050. The population of people over 85
has been growing particularly expeditiously and is one of the
fastest growing segments of the population. This group is
expected to double in size between 2000 and 2025 and will reach
20 million or 5 per cent of the population (Kendall, 2008 pg. 384-
385).

12. As biological research on aging continues, new discoveries in genetics may
eliminate life-threatening disease and help discover early identification of other
diseases possible (Kendall, 2008 pg. 411). Unfortunately, along with the
increase in life expectancy, the average number of years that a group of people
born in the same year could be expected to live, a financial strain will be put on
our government. Elder issues such as assistance for in-home care services;
availability for medical services for preventative care, chronic illness, and
disability; and housing for older persons will be the focus of many political
debates. A 1994 government report warned that entitlements are growing so
rapidly that they will consume nearly all federal tax revenues by 2012. This will
result in leaving the government without funds for other vital issues. John
Danforth, a former senator and member of the commission cautioned, “There
will be no money for national defense, for law enforcement, for the environment,
or for highways” ((Kendall, 2008 pg. 410). The graying of America will not only
impact our population mix significantly but will present many financial
challenges for our country, contributing to our already huge tax burden.

13. The United States is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse largely as a result of the movement of
people into the country, commonly referred to as immigration. Every year more than 1 million people,
mostly from Latin America and Asia, flock to this country. They come both voluntary and involuntary in
response to various pull or push factors. Pull factors at international levels, such as a democratic
government, religious freedom, employment opportunities, or a more moderate climate may entice many
immigrants to voluntarily come to this country. Conversely, various push factors for example: international
unrest, violence, war, famine, and natural disaster may also encourage people to leave their homeland
and relocate in the United States (Kendall, 2006 pg. 632). Many undocumented workers seek to enter the
United States so that they can work and obtain better quality of life for themselves or their families
(Kendall, 2006 pg. 627). The influx of these illegal aliens is not without serious socioeconomic
consequences. One far reaching outcome as a result of their incursion into the United Sates is the series
of serious hidden medical consequences that has transpired. To start with, American hospitals welcome
anchor babies, illegal alien women come to the hospital in labor and drop their little anchors, each of
whom pulls its illegal alien mother, father, and siblings into permanent residency simply by being born
within our borders. Anchor babies are instantly qualify for public welfare aid, thus adding additional strain
on the economy. Between 300,000 and 350,000 anchor babies annually become citizens because of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. The
free medical care of anchor babies, as well as the healthcare required by this segment of society as a
whole, has degraded and closed some of America’s finest emergency medical facilities, and caused
hospital bankruptcies. Furthermore, uninsured people receive medical care in hospital emergency
departments under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of 1985 (EMTALA), which
obligates hospitals to treat. Also unseen is the percentage of the uninsured who are illegal aliens. No one
knows how many illegal aliens reside in America. For instance, if here are 10 million, they constitute
nearly 25 percent of the uninsured. The percentage could be even higher. In the state California alone, 84
hospitals have been forced to close their doors. Furthermore, many illegal aliens harbor fatal diseases
that American medicine fought and vanquished long ago, such as drug-resistant tuberculosis, malaria,
leprosy, plague, polio, dengue, and Chagas disease. America’s inadequate federal border enforcement
permits massive daily border penetrations that violate the integrity of our medicine. (Cosman, 2005).

14. Yet another contributing trend that will alter our population mix will be urbanization, the process by
which an increasing proportion of population lives in cities rather than in rural areas of this country
(Kendal 2208, pg. 11). This pervasive trend is not only becoming prevalent in the United States but
can be observed world wide. Two hundred years ago only about 3 per cent of the world’s population
lived in cities, as apposed to 50 percent today. It is expected that by 2050 that the world population
will swell to the point that two out of three people in the world will live in urban areas by 2050
(Kendall 2208, pg. 642). The Industrial Revolution was a key factor for the change made in the
nature of the city in this country. Factories began being built as production shifted from agricultural
sector to manufacturing sector. The factories offered new opportunities for employment not
available to people who lived in more rural areas. New forms of transportation and agricultural
production made it possible for people to move to the city. Between 1870 and 1910 the population
in New York City grew by 500 per cent. Larger metropolitan areas have experienced an increase
in the number if highly paid professional jobs and a larger percentage of workers have been able to
find employment in these high paying fields and have reaped financial rewards as a result. In
contrast, those who lived outside these growing professional categories have not been as fortunate.
The quality for life for this segment of society has deteriorated and job opportunities have become
increasing limited to secondary labor markets (Kendall 2008, pg 644). Poverty, crime, racism,
sexism, homelessness, inadequate public schools, alcoholism and other drug abuse, gangs and
guns, and other social problems are most visible and heightened in urban settings (Kendall 2008
pg. 652, 653). Currently the United States spends more than $150 billion annually for civil and
criminal justice. This figure amounts to more than $500 for every person residing in the country
(Kendall 2008, pg. 231). We can only expect these figures to sky rocket as we experience growing
urbanization in our nation, thus presenting an additional tax burden to the citizens in an attempt to
address the social consequences that increase in deviance and crime will present in years to come
(Carlson, 2009).

15. As the population of this country climbs to the projected
299 million people expected in 2050, the United States
citizens and government will face many challenges as
they attempt to deal with emerging demographic trends
that are altering the population mix in this country
(Shrestha, 2006). Trends such age composition, racial
and ethnic diversity, and urban growth will have to be
reckoned with as we realize the consequences that they
will present. The healthcare issues resulting from the
aging of our population and the influx of immigrants to
this country, as well as the additional tax burden that is
created by these issues and urbanization trend will
require our government to work diligently to overcome
wide-ranging consequences that assuredly arise.

16. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carlson, PhD, John (2009). Class Lecture March 24,
2009.
Cosman, Ph.D., Esq., Madeleine Pelner (Spring 2005).
Illegal Aliens and American Medicine. Journal of
American Physicians and Surgeons , Volume 10
Number 1, Retrieved March 22. 2009, from
http://www.jpands.org/vol10no1/cosman.pdf
Kendall, Diana (2008). Sociology in Our Times: Seventh
Edition. Canada: Thomson Wadsworth.
Shrestha, Laura B. (2006, June, 7). CRS Report for
Congress. The Changing Demographic Profile of the
United States, Retrieved March 20, 2009, from
www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRS/abstract.cfm?NLEid

17. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS&GROUP
PRESENTATIONS
Discussion wk. 11April 6th ** Chapter 14 Politics and
Government in Global Perspective
Discussion wk. 12 April 13th Chapter 13 The Economy
and Work in Global Perspective; Chapter 16 Education
Discussion wk. 13 April 20th Chapter 17 Religion;
Chapter 15 Families…
Discussion wk. 14 April 27th F I N A L E X A M (based
on chapters 13, 14, 15 & 16);
Group Presentation Due April 24th; assigned article on
slideshare link. Power pt. presentation submitted to
me.

18. Recently, some analysts have suggested that the U.S political
system is evolving into a democratic socialistic form of
government. Along these same lines, the United States is
seen to be assuming…” many of the characteristics of a
welfare state (a state that uses extensive government
action to provide support and services to its citizens”
(Kendall, pg. 430). A consequence of this is that our
country’s constitutional fabric pertaining to our inalienable
rights, (i.e., referenced in the Bill of Rights, Declaration of
Independence and United States Constitution) is being
unwoven. In other words, many of our constitutional
rights and freedoms are being sacrificed along the way;
related to how we become a member of and function
within each of the five primary social institutions (i.e.,
marriage and family, economic institution, political system,
education and religious institution).

19. Recently, some analysts have suggested that the U.S political
system is evolving into a democratic socialistic form of
government. Along these same lines, the United States is
seen to be assuming…” many of the characteristics of a
welfare state (a state that uses extensive government
action to provide support and services to its citizens”
(Kendall, pg. 430). A consequence of this is that our
country’s constitutional fabric pertaining to our inalienable
rights, (i.e., referenced in the Bill of Rights, Declaration of
Independence and United States Constitution) is being
unwoven. In other words, many of our constitutional
rights and freedoms are being sacrificed along the way;
related to how we become a member of and function
within each of the five primary social institutions (i.e.,
marriage and family, economic institution, political system,
education and religious institution).

20. ESSAY 4: AS POSTED IN SLIDESHARE WORTH 10 PTS.
Identify and discuss 2 constitutional related
principles, rights and/or freedoms related to each
of the 5 social institutions that either are being
undermined, are in the process of being
relinquished and/or have been virtually discarded
for the sake of promoting a stronger U.S. political
system; a government that is being called upon to
offer ever-increasingly expansive services and
financial support for its growingly “needy”
constituency.

21. THE FOLLOWING SLIDES TAKEN FROM POSTED SLIDESHARE PRESENTATIONS
THAT COVER THE 5 SOCIAL INSITUTIONS, SUMMARIZE JUST WHAT
RIGHTS/FREEDOMS/PRINCIPLES THAT RELATE TO THIS 4TH ESSAY QUESTION

22. POLITICAL INSTITUTION
I. Principle of Representative Government
A. campaign funding
B. interest group influence
C. pervasive presence of lawyers)
II. Voting (Amendment 26)
A. rising voter apathy
B. differential access
1) homeless (require proof of residency)
2) primary (requires declaring political affiliation)
III. Court System (6th, 7th & 8th Ammendments)
A. speedy trials
B. justice is blind principle? (affordability for legal representation)

23. II. ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
A. Principle of Life, Liberty & Pursuit of “Personal” Happiness
1) rising taxes and growing complexity, therein
2) failing social security/medicare programs (i.e., forced-choice
participation)
B. Principle of Free-Enterprise
1) increasing role of government in
directing private business activity (i.e. firing of GM
boss, penalizing ad hoc AIG bonus recipients)
2) government subsuming/subsidizing more services/businesses
that were once private endeavors (i.e., agriculture,
automotive, banking, MLB AND NFL)
3) government fostering unfettered legalistic environ
(i.e., increases in medical malpractice lawsuits)

24. Education Institution
Principle of Life, Liberty & Pursuit of Happiness
•Unequal access to quality Education
•Voucher programs not readily available for parents requiring
• Subsidization of private schooling or home schooling option
•Education focus departed from Jefferson’s vision of 3-tiered
education System (i.e, Elementary, Vocational & University)
•Student’s right to privacy (i.e., The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from
unreasonable search and seizure. The government may not conduct any searches without a
warrant, and such warrants must be issued by a judge and based on probable cause).
locker searches
random drug testing of student athletes
confiscation of cell phones, etc.

25. Religious Institution
The First Amendment provides that Congress make no law respecting an establishment of
religion or prohibiting its free exercise. It protects freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and
the right to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
•Issuance of tax exempt status to selected religious institutions
•Reinforces the strength of particular religious organizations
over others
•Christian Coalitions strong presence in the political system, in
large measure through supportive government policy
(i.e, taxation, issuance of not for profit status, etc.)
•Religious organizations are business enterprises, granted
Favorable treatment, vis-à-vis tax code, leadership subsidies,
etc.
Separation of Church & State Principle
•“In God We Trust”, struck on Currency
•Nativity Scenes, Menohara’s erected on Government Property

26. Marriage and Family re: Essay
•Unfavorable treatment in terms of
tax code (aka Marriage
Penalty);
•Right to bear arms;
•Parents rights relatives to their
children;
•children suing parents;
•emancipated adult status;