2. HISTORY OF MOBILE PHONES
Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in
vehicle.
During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a
backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and
later developed a large hand-held two-way radio for
the US military. This battery powered "Handie-
Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm.
Later radio telephony was introduced on a large
scale in German tanks during the Second World
War.
3. EARLY YEARS..
In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a
telephone in his car, although this was not a radio
telephone. While travelling across the country, he
would stop at a place where telephone lines were
accessible and using a pair of long electric wires he
could connect to the national telephone network.
1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and
I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of a
radio mobile phone mounted inside a car. The
device could connect to local telephone network on
a range up to 20 kilometers.
Contd…
Contd…
4. EARLY YEARS..
In1945
The first mobile-radio-telephone service is
established in St. Louis, Miss. The system is
comprised of six channels that add up to 150 MHz.
The project is approved by the FCC, but due to
massive interference, the equipment barely works.
In 1947
AT&T comes out with the first radio-car-phones that
can be used only on the highway between New York
and Boston; they are known as push-to-talk phones.
The system operates at frequencies of about 35 to
44 MHz, but once again there is a massive amount
of interference in the system. AT&T declares the
project a failure.
4
5. EARLY YEARS….
In 1973
Dr. Martin Cooper invents the first personal
handset while working for Motorola. He takes his
new invention, the Motorola Dyna-Tac., to New
York City and shows it to the public. His is credited
with being the first person to make a call on a
portable mobile-phone.
6. EARLY YEARS…….
Dr. Martin Cooper
of Motorola made
Motorola,
the first US
analogue mobile
phone call on a
Top of cellular larger prototype
telephone tower model in 1973.
7. PICTURE GALLRY
The First Mobile Phone: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
(1983)
Motorola's DynaTAC 8000X wasn't commercially
available until 1983, but its beginnings can be
tracked back to 1973 when the company showed
off a prototype of what would become the world's
first mobile phone. The DynaTAC weighed almost
a kilogram, provided one hour of battery life and
stored 30 phone numbers in its phonebook. The
Motorola DynaTAC is best known for bring used in
the 1987 movie Wall Street, starring Michael
Douglas as corporate raider Gordon Gecko.
8. PICTURE
First Car Phone: Nokia Mobira Senator
(1982)
In the early 1980's, the mobile phone was
best known for its in-car use. Nokia's Mobira
Senator, released in 1982, was the first of its
kind. A car phone that weighed almost 10
kilograms, the Nokia Mobira Senator
resembled a large radio rather than a
conventional mobile phone.
9. FIRST GSM PHONE: NOKIA 101 (1992)
First GSM Phone: Nokia 101 (1992)
Nokia's 101 was the world's first
commercially available GSM mobile
phone. Paving the way for future "candy-
bar" designs, the 101 had a
monochrome display, an extendable
antenna and a phonebook that could
store 99 phone numbers. It did however
lack Nokia's famous "Nokia tune"
ringtone — this wasn't introduced until
the next model in 1994.
10. EARLY YEARS….
In 1981
The FCC makes firm rules about the growing cell
phone industry in dealing with manufactures. It
finally rules that Western Electric can manufacture
products for both cellular and terminal use.
(Basically they admit that they put the phone
companies about 7 years behind)
In 1988
One of the most important years in cell phone
evolution. The Cellular Technology Industry
Association is created and helps to make the
industry into an empire. One of its biggest
contributions is when it helped create TDMA phone
technology, the most evolved cell phone yet. It
becomes available to the public in 1991. 10
11. TOUCH SCREEN: IBM SIMON PERSONAL
COMMUNICATOR (1993)
Touch Screen: IBM Simon
Personal Communicator (1993)
The IBM Simon Personal
Communicator was one of the
first attempts at a commercially
viable smartphone. A joint
venture between IBM and
Bellsouth, the Simon was only
sold into the US and was best
known for having no physical
keys. It used a touch screen
and optional stylus to perform
the majority of its functions,
which included dialling phone
numbers, sending faxes and
writing memos. It was priced at
$899 when it launched.
13. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
First Generation (1G)
Analog system designed for voice only communication. 1G
systems are almost extinct now,
Second Generation (2G)
Use GSM and IS-95 CDMA technologies
CDMA
Allows users to communicate with different codes
Still designed for voice communication
13
14. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
2.5 and 2.75 Generation
General Packet Radio Service(GPRS )and
CDMA2000 (Phase 1) are belonged to 2.5 G
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE) is
belonged to 2.75G
As higher data rate is provided, allows some data
transmission
14
15. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
Third Generation (3G)
Two 3G, Universal Mobile Telecommunication
system(UMTS )and CDMA-2000, are used. UMTS is
broadly deployed in Europe and CDMA-2000 is
being deployed in North American and parts in Asia
Higher data transmission rate (up to 2Mbps) which
allows video conferencing
15
16. INTRODUCTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
Forth Generation (4G)
Combined the technologies of Wireless local area
network (will be introduced soon) and 3G
16
18. BASIC CONCEPT
Cellular system developed to provide mobile telephony:
telephone access “anytime, anywhere.”
First mobile telephone system was developed and
inaugurated in the U.S. in 1945 in St. Louis, MO.
This was a simplified version of the system used today.
19. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
A base station provides coverage (communication
capabilities) to users on mobile phones within its coverage
area.
Users outside the coverage area receive/transmit signals
with too low amplitude for reliable communications.
Users within the coverage area transmit and receive
signals from the base station.
The base station itself is connected to the wired telephone
network.
20. FIRST MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
One and only one
high power base
station with which all
users communicate.
Normal
Telephone Entire Coverage
System Area
Wired connection
21. CELLULAR GEOMETRIES
• The most common model used for wireless networks
is uniform hexagonal shape areas
– A base station with omni-directional antenna is placed in
the middle of the cell
d = 3R
22. PROBLEM WITH ORIGINAL DESIGN
Original mobile telephone system could only support a
handful of users at a time…over an entire city!
With only one high power base station, users phones
also needed to be able to transmit at high powers (to
reliably transmit signals to the distant base station).
Car phones were therefore much more feasible than
handheld phones, e.g., police car phones.
23. IMPROVED DESIGN
Over the next few decades, researchers at AT&T Bell Labs
developed the core ideas for today’s cellular systems.
Although these core ideas existed since the 60’s, it was
not until the 80’s that electronic equipment became
available to realize a cellular system.
In the mid 80’s the first generation of cellular systems was
developed and deployed.
24. THE CORE IDEA: CELLULAR CONCEPT
The core idea that led to today’s system was the cellular
concept.
The cellular concept multiple lower-power base stations
concept:
that service mobile users within their coverage area and
handoff users to neighboring base stations as users move.
Together base stations tessellate the system coverage
area.
25. CELLULAR CONCEPT
Thus, instead of one base station covering an entire city,
the city was broken up into cells or smaller coverage
cells,
areas.
Each of these smaller coverage areas had its own lower-
power base station.
User phones in one cell communicate with the base
station in that cell.
26. 3 CORE PRINCIPLES
Small cells tessellate overall coverage area.
Users handoff as they move from one cell to another.
Frequency reuse.
27. SUMMARIZATION
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G
Speeds n/a <20Kbps 30Kbps to 144Kbps to 384Kbps to 100Mbps to
90Kbps 2Mbps 14.4Mbps 1Gbps
Features Analog Voice; SMS; MMS; Images; Full motion On-demand High-
(voice only) conference Web browsing; video; video; video quality
calls; caller ID; Short audio video streaming conferencing streaming
PTT clips; games; music; 3D video, HQ
apps; Ring tone gaming; faster video
downloads Web browsing conferencin
g; VOIP
telephony
Technology AMPS GSM CDMA GPRS 1xRTT UMTS 1xEV-DO HSPDA 1x-EV-DV WiMax
iDen EDGE
Time 1980 1990 – 1995 1995 – 2000 2000 – 2005 2005 + TBA
29. WHAT IS GSM ?
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second
generation cellular standard developed to cater
voice services and data delivery using digital
modulation
30. GSM: HISTORY
• Developed by Group Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an
initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and
Telecommunication )
• Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
• Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards
Institute )
• Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
• Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile
communication “
• Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
• More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in
India.
31. CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)
used in several wireless broadcast channels (cellular,
satellite, etc) standards
unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set
partitioning
all users share same frequency, but each user has own
“chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data
encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence)
decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and chipping
sequence
allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit
simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are
“orthogonal”)
6-31
32. CDMA
THE MOST ADVANCED WIRELESS
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
1G
Analog
2G
Time Division
(TDMA & GSM)
3 – 7x Analog Capacity
3G
Code Division ..............
(CDMA2000®, WCDMA)
20 – 26x Analog Capacity
33. CDMA2000 BENEFITS FOR OPERATORS,
SUBSCRIBERS AND GOVERNMENTS
CDMA is a high-speed wireless data and voice
network solution for low-cost, easy to deploy,
high-performance services, that address the
needs of governments, operators and
subscribers
CDMA can support high volumes of voice traffic and
high-speed data traffic;
Contd.
34. .Contd
Instead of being limited to a narrow channel structure in a
given frequency, CDMA spreads signal across 1.25 MHz of
the spectrum, and simultaneously transmits unique, digitally
encoded and encrypted signals over the same radio
frequency (RF) carrier;
CDMA2000 technology can be configured for data and/or
voice, as well as for fixed or mobile services.
Due to its efficient use of the spectrum to provide high-
quality voice and high-speed data services, CDMA can
be utilized for fixed voice and data services, delivering
end-users the richness and variety of the Internet with
the quality and reliability of the traditional phone
network.
35. OFDM
Divides the spectrum into a number of equally spaced tones.
Each tone carries a portion of data.
A kind of FDMA, but each tone is orthogonal with every other
tone. Tones can overlap each other.
Example: 802.11a WLAN
36. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEMS
3G Wireless Systems are the new generation of
systems that offer high bandwidth and support digital
voice along with multimedia and global roaming.
Globally, different systems are being used, so, to
migrate to globally acceptable systems, numerous
standardization activities were carried out and three
systems emerged: W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-
SCDMA
37. Applications Using 3G
Communication services Education
•Video telephony •Virtual schools
•Video conference •On-line science lab
•Personal location (GPS) •On-line library
•On-line language labs
•Training
38. Applications Using 3G…
Business services Finance services
• Mobile office •Virtual banking
•Narrowcast business TV •On-line billing
•Virtual workgroups •Universal USIM and credit card
•Expertise on tap
Entertainment
•Audio on demand
•Games
•Video clips
•Virtual sightseeing
39. 3G CONCLUSION
3G technologies promise to deliver a lot and are
slowly being put into effect.
We have already started seeing the early features
of 3G technologies being implemented in our
phones, i.e., the video phones in the market.
It remains to be seen how much of the promised
features and applications are actually
implemented in today’s economy.
However, they have been slow in coming in. Let’s
see what the future holds…
