The document discusses key concepts about the coordinate plane, including that it is formed by the intersection of the x-axis and y-axis which meet at 90 degree angles at the origin point (0,0). It provides examples of plotting points on the plane, such as (2,-4) which indicates the position along the x-axis is 2, and (-2,1) which would be plotted by moving left 2 units and up 1 unit.