The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target organs and tissues. The major glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and hypothalamus. Each gland secretes specific hormones that control important body functions such as growth and development, metabolism, sexual functions, reproduction, and the stress response.

1. A
A B
C
D
F
E

2. Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes

3. Pituitary gland Master gland: controls secretions of other glands.
Several hormones. Ex. Growth hormone, FSH,
TSH, LH, ACTH
Thyroid Secretes thyroxine: regulates rate of metabolism. Influenced by
Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) of the pituitary gland.
Parathyroid Embedded in the thyroid: parathyroid hormone regulates
calcium and phosphate metabolism
Adrenal Adrenalin & noradrenalin: produce emergency response reaction.
Produces corticosteroids ( cortisol and cortisone)
Pancreas Cells called islets of Langerhans – secretes insulin
(lowers blood glucose levels) & Glucagon (raises glucose levels)
Ovary Estrogen :female characteristics. Progesterone and Estrogen
regulate the menstrual cycle
Testes Male sex hormones(androgens) :Testosterone- male characteristics
Hypothalamus Part of the brain; stimulates the pituitary gland; link
between the nervous and endocrine system.

4. A Hypothalamus
B Pituitary Gland
C TSH
D Thyroid Gland
Hormone action

5. Helps convert glycogen
to glucose- as needed
Secreted Glucose
by pancreas Glucose
Helps remove
Excess blood glucose
Glucose used Glucose stored Glucose absorbed
(respiration) (as glycogen) (by diffusion)

9. Negative Feedback

14. Gland Hormones Secreted by the gland Basic functions of the hormones secreted by the glands
Regulates the release of energy in the human body
Thyroid secrets Thyroxine
thyroid and Parathyroid and the parathyroid regulates levels of calcium ions and phosphate ions in
Parathyroid secrets Parathyroid Harmone(PTH)
the blood.
This glands secrets a number of Hormones-namely:
Growth Hormone (GH, somatotropin), Thyroid- Regulates growth of the skeleton
Pituitary stimulating Hormone(TSH) controls the release of hormones from other glands (in particular sex
in the brain Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH), Follicle- glands)
Stimulating Hormore(FSH) controls kidney function and water reabsorption.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Prolactin
Increases heartbeat, blood flow and the amount of sugar in the blood,
This gland secretes Epinephrine and
Adrenals activates the nervous system when the system is under stress;
Norepinephrine
regulates water and mineral balance in body tissues, and inhibits digestion.
From itself and its islets of Langerhans, allows liver to store sugar;
Pancreas this gland secretes regulates body's use of sugar,
Insulin and Glucagon stimulates glucose uptake, triggers breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
Pineal secretes Melatoin, that is secreted in the absence
of light
The Pineal gland controls circadian rhythms and sexual activity
Pineal and hypothalamus while the hypothalamus secretes releasing and
while the hypothalamus gland coordinates visceral activites such as solute-
in the brain inhibiting hormones,
water balance, temperature control, carbohydrate metabolsim.
such as Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone(ADH,
vasopressin)
Controls development of male gametes and male scondary sex
Testes The Male gonads secretes Testosterone
characteristics
Controls female secondary sex characteristics, development of female
Ovaries The female gonads secretes Progesterone and Estrogen
sexual functions.