1. The Male And Female
Reproductive
Systems
(Let’s Keep it clean,
people!)

2. Sex Cell Production
 In most animals cells are produced in 2
ways:
 Mitosis – cell reproduction; asexual
 Meiosis – sex cell production; produces 4
gametes that are genetically non-identical

3. Variations
 Mainly during Meiosis:
– Crossing Over – recombination of genes
– Independent assortment of chromosomes
– Mutation – produces new characteristics that
can be passed – only in sex cells

4. Male Reproductive

5. Parts to the System
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS:
 In Scrotum
– Testes – produce sperm in tightly coiled tubes:
Seminiferous Tubules - meiosis
– Interstitial Cells – in between seminiferous tubules:
produce TESTOSTERONE
– Epididymis – stores maturing sperm
 Tubes
– Vas Deferens – carries sperm from epididymis to urethra.
– Urethra – in penis. Exit point for sperm
 Food and Travel -
– Seminal Vesicles – releases “sugars”
– Prostate Gland – releases alkaline solution
– Cowper’s Gland – fluid to lubricate urethra, flush out urine
 Hormones:
– GnRH stimulates production of FSH and LH(ICSH)

6. HORMONES and NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
 GnRH stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH
 LH stimulates the production of testosterone.
 FSH works on “sartoli’ cells to provide nourishment for
sperm.
 Sartoli cells produce a hormone “inhibin” which inhibits
the pituitary and hypothalamus resulting in lower levels
of FSH
 HIGH LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE PRODUCES NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK ON THE PITUITARY GLAND DECREASING
LEVELS OF LH (ICRH).

7. DRAW

12. Sperm Cells
 HEAD –
– Contains nucleus – 23 chromosomes
– Acrosome – contains enzymes to penetrate
the egg.
 Neck – packed with mitochondria
 Tail – flagellum for movement

13. Female Reproductive System

15. Parts and Functions
 Parts and Functions:
– Ovaries –eggs produced in cavities:
FOLLICLES. Released at Ovulation.
– Oviduct – passageway for egg. SITE of
fertilization
– Uterus – muscular, pear shaped. Holds
developing organism
– Cervix – lower end of uterus
– Vagina – entry point for sperm. Exit
point for Fetus. Birth Canal.

17. DRAW

18. Menstrual Cycle
LH FSH
estrogen progesterone
Follicle Stage Luteal Stages
ovulation
menstruation

19.  General: Hormones from Glands control cycle:
– Hypothalamus(in brain): GnRH…….secreted to
Pituitary:
 FSH –
– Stimulates growth of egg
– Stimulates secretion of estrogen
 LH –
– Stimulates ovulation
– Stimulates empty follicle to convert to corpus luteum
– Stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone
– Ovary
 Estrogen
– Stimulates repair and growth of the uterus
 Progesterone
– Stimulates and maintains growth of the uterine lining

20. Stages of Menstruation
 Menstruation – (5 days)
– Egg not fertilized
– Inner Uterine lining (endometrium) breaks down and passes out of the
vagina(with the egg).
 Follicle Stage – (9 days)
– FSH production increases
– Follicles in ovaries develop. (oocyte)
– Estrogen secreted to heal, repair, and thicken endometrium with blood
vessels
 Ovulation – Middle of Cycle--- 1 day
– High level of estrogen decreases FSH and stimulates secretion of LH
– High level of LH – Follicle ruptures and egg is released.
 Corpus Luteum Stage – ( 13 days)
– Corpus Luteum is produced in ruptured follicle…stimulates progesterone
production.
– Maintains endometrial growth.
– Egg implantation if fertilization takes place

22. Hormones: – and + feedback
 ESTROGEN
– Negative feedback on pituitary to block FSH
release.
– Positive feedback on pituitary to signal release
of LH
 Progesterone
– Negative feedback to block FSH release
– Negative feedback to block LH release

23. From Fertilization
to Birth

24. Copulation vs. Fertilization
 Copulation –
– Coupling
– Physical contact between male and female
needed for sperm to move from male to
female: intercourse
 Fertilization
– Fusion of male and female nuclei to produce a
zygote

25. Fertilization

27. DEVELOPMENT

28. After Fertilization
 MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES LINE UP AT THE
EQUATOR
 PREPARE FOR 1ST MITOTIC DIVISION
 NO CELL GROWTH
 “CLEAVAGE DIVISION”
 AFTER SEVERAL DIVISIONS:
– BALL OF CELLS = MORULA
 REACHES UTERUS IN APPX. 4 DAYS
 Implantation – into wall of the
endometrium

29. Implantation

30. Development

31. Development
 Embryo – development from about week 4 thru
week 12
– Outer embryonic layer grows blood vessels into the
uterine wall – placenta
– Placenta – exchange of nutrients – maternal and
fetal; source of estrogen and progesterone (acts as
an endocrine gland)
– Chorion – keep mother and baby blood from mixing.
– Amnion & Fluid – shock absorber; insulation
– Umbilical Cord – contains artery and vein; fetus to
placenta
 Fetus – Week 13 - 40

32. Changes During Pregnancy

33. Parturition

34. Hormonal Control

35. Parturition
 Prostglandin – hormone- like substances; help to
stimulate contractions.
 Oxytocin – hormone – released by pituitary gland
 POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
 Parturition – process of delivering the fetus and
placenta. Includes
– Labour – dilation of cervix, vagina
– Expulsion – Birth
– Afterbirth – delivery of placenta

36. Parturition

39. Anmniocentisis
CVS
In Vitro Fertilization

40. Amniocentesis and CVS
Amniocentesis –
•inserting a needle
into the uterus
through a very
small incision in
the abdomen
• needle takes
amniotic fluid –
contains embryonic
cells.
• used to detect
genetic defects

41. In vitro fertilization
 Approximately 1 of 6 couples
 Used mainly as a way to overcome a
female infertility (physiological)
issue: blocked oviducts or timely
ovulation
 Cannot be used in the case of low
sperm count.

42. In Vitro Fertilization

43. IVF Process
1. Drug given to stop menstrual cycle.
2. Large doses of FSH given – 2 weeks
3. HCG given 48 hours before collection – matures eggs
4. Man provides semen.
5. Eggs extracted through the vagina
6. Each egg is mixed with some sperm in a petri dish –
incubated 24 hours
7. Check to see if fertilized!
8. Embryo’s selected and placed in uterus
9. Wait approximately 2 to 3 weeks and take pregnancy
test – implantation
10. Scan as normal for any developmental issues

44. Ethical Issues of IVF
Pro: Against:
 Environmental infertility  Fate of extra embryos?
will not affect offspring  Long term storage of
 Not developed – no pain embryos – stem cells?
to embryo  Multi pregnancy places
 Genetic screening before stress on family
transferring  Expensive
 Parents have strong  High rate of failure
desire for child  religious

45. Ethical Issues of Family
Planning

46.  Permanent Contraception
– Female sterilization (tubal
ligation)
– Vasectomy
 Mechanical
– Diaphragm
– Intra Uterine Device
– Condom
 Chemical
– Spermicide
– Birth control pill*
– “day-after” pill*
 Other
– Rhythm - cycle
– Withdrawal before ejaculation
– Abortion

47. Birth Control and “Day After” Pill
 Birth Control – synthetic estrogens and
progesterone(s) that prevent release of
GnRH ---- FSH & LH
 Morning After –
– Blocks progesterone receptors in uterus.
– altering the lining of the womb, so a fertilized
egg can't embed itself there.

48. Ethics of Family Planning and
Contraception
Pro Against
 Can choose to get  Most not 100%
pregnant effective
 A few methods 100%  Promotes promiscuity
effective  Abstinence difficult in
 Population control marriage
 Irreversible

49. THE END!!!!!!!!!!

50. Puberty in Males
 Marked by a sharp increase in
testosterone production:
 Production of sperm: primary!!
 Secondary:
 Enlargement of penis and testes
 Growth of body hair: face, underarm, pubic
 Deepening of voice
 Broad shoulders - muscle

51. Puberty in Females
 Marked by the onset of the menstrual
cycle
 Egg production: primary!
 Secondary:
– Breast Development
– Body curve – placement of tissue
– Hair: underarm, pubic

52. Developmental Terms to Know
 Zygote – newly fertilized egg
 Cleavage – first series of cell divisions; multiple
rounds of mitosis
 Morula – 4-16 cells; solid ball of cells
 Blastomere – cells of the morula
 Blastocyst – after 5 days; develops a hollow
cavity
 Implantation – blastocyst penetrates
endometrium
 Endometrium – uterine lining
 Gestation – pregnancy, 40 weeks

53. Implantation

55. Implantation
 Blastocyst contains fluid filled cavity called
blastocoel.
 Blastocyst:
– Two parts:
– Inner mass cells - will develop into the embryo
– Trophoblast – releases HCG hormone; digests a hole into
the endometrium
 HCG helps to maintain progesterone levels
during pregnancy. Pregnancy test.

56. Twins!!!!!