1. M R I Physics Course

2. M R I Physics course Chapter 2 Basic Physical Properties Magnetism & Resonance The “M” and “R” in MRI.

3. Magnetism “ Magnetized” objects exert forces of repulsion or attraction on one another, resulting from electric currents.

15. Relationship of E- and B-fields Stationary observer of stationary charge sees E-field E Stationary observer of moving charge also sees B-field E` B

17. tungsten target on X-ray tube anode Bremsstrahlung photon high speed electron Remember: an accelerating or decelerating point electric charge radiates electromagnetic radiation. “ Acceleration” of electrons as they are deflected by the nucleus of a tungsten atom in the target produces Bremsstrahlung photons for diagnostic x-ray applications. -

18. Electric Field Lines (arrows) represent the direction of the fields “ Stationary” Point Electrical Charges Electric Fields (in this case, an “electrostatic field”) - +

20. A moving point electric charge develops a magnetic field Movement of a positive particle into the page + Movement of a positive particle out of the page Magnetic Fields +

21. Movement of an electron into the page Movement of an electron out of the page A moving point electric charge develops a magnetic field Magnetic Fields - -

22. + Direction of magnetic field depends on: 1) particle charge, and 2) direction of motion . - - Movement of a positive particle out of the page Movement of a positive particle into the page Movement of an electron out of the page - - Movement of an electron into the page +

23. Topology of B-field Charges moving in straight lines form circular field. Charges moving in a circle form a linear field in the center of circle. E` B B

24. Magnetic Properties Q: If all substances are magnetic, do all substances have “electric currents” running in them? Let’s examine this question…

25. electrons mass = ~0.0005 amu charge = -1 electrostatic unit(esu) protons mass = ~1.0 amu charge = +1 esu neutrons mass = ~1.0 amu charge = neutral All Observable Matter is Composed of Subatomic Particles + -

26. + Proton 2 Up quarks (+2/3 esu) and 1 Down quark (-1/3 esu) = +1 esu net charge Nucleons (or protons, neutrons) are composed of charged “quarks” Neutron 2 Down quarks (-1/3 esu) and 1 Up quark (+2/3 esu) = no net charge + + + - - -

27. Magnetic Properties Subatomic particles have a property called “spin”. They behave as if they are spinning on their axis. So, let’s think about little regions on the surface of the particle, shown as boxes.

28. Magnetic Properties Each box contains charged particle material. Therefore, as the particle rotates, the boxes act like moving charges. So, our particle behaves like a collection of currents, and we generate a magnetic field. B

29. + Spinning of the subatomic particles generates a magnetic field, called a “magnetic moment” or “magnetic dipole”. Electron magnetic moment Proton magnetic moment Neutron magnetic moment For both protons and neutrons, the spinning of the charged quarks produces the magnetic moment. So, although the neutron is electrically “neutral”, its spinning quarks give it a magnetic moment . -

30. Magnetic Properties Q: If all substances are magnetic, do all substances have “electric currents” running in them? A: Yes, at the subatomic level. But the currents are a result of particle “spin”.

31. Resonance Stimulated oscillation at the natural or normal frequency

32. E E A Classical demonstration using tuning forks: Tuning Fork 1 Tuning Fork 2 Sound waves from tuning fork 1 stimulate a non-vibrating tuning fork 2, with same resonant frequency, to RESONATE. It will absorb and give off energy readily at this frequency. ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( D F

33. Tuning Fork 1 Tuned string The same is true of a guitar string tuned to the frequency of the tuning fork. But, if you detune the string, it will (essentially) not resonate anymore. ) ) ( ( ) ) ( (

34. In MRI, resonance relates to the stimulation of proton magnetic moments (hydrogen nuclei) by RF energy of the appropriate resonant frequency. So, the protons will readily absorb and release RF energy at this frequency. The resonant frequency is “tunable” by the strength of the magnetic field in which the protons are spinning, as we shall see in a later lecture. Resonance (cont.)