This document discusses comparative methods in social sciences. It defines four types of comparative approaches based on the levels of dependent and independent variables: macro-macro, macro-micro, micro-micro, and studies of the world system. For each approach, it provides examples of research design and data collection. It also outlines seven stages of comparative research, including problem selection, research design, data collection, analysis, and reporting.

1. Comparative Methods in Social Sciences, II Kazimierz M. Slomczynski & Irina Tomescu Dubrow

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10. … … … … … 0 1 5 4 1 Country C 1 2 5 6 2300 0 3 6 5 2299 … … … … … 0 5 3 4 3 0 2 7 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 Country B 0 2 9 6 2500 0 4 6 4 2499 … … … … … 1 5 5 1 3 1 2 3 6 2 0 2 2 5 1 Country A IVAR4 IVAR3 IVAR2 IVAR1 Individual-level variables Cases

12. … … … … … … … … 53 1 7 0 1 5 4 1 Sample from country B 33 1 5 1 2 5 6 2300 … … … … … … … … 33 1 5 0 5 3 4 3 33 1 5 0 2 7 2 2 33 1 5 1 2 3 4 1 Sample from country B 23 0 3 0 2 9 6 2500 … … … … … … … … 23 0 3 1 5 5 1 3 23 0 3 1 2 3 6 2 23 0 3 0 2 2 5 1 Sample from country A CVAR CVAR2 CVAR1 IVAR4 IVAR3 IVAR2 IVAR1 Country-level variables Individual-level variables Cases