1. ARTICULATORY DIAGRAM
ORGANS OF THE
SPEECH
e 1. TONGUE
d f A.- APICO SEGMENT
b B.- FRONTO
a c SEGMENT
C.- DORSO
SEGMENT
2. PALATAL
D- ALVEOLAR
SECTION
E.- PALATAL
SECTION
F- VELAR SECTION

2. CONTRASTIVE PHONOLOGY
DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGAN OF
SPEECH
THE PAIRED VOCAL FOLDS ARE LOCATED IN THE LARYNX, COURSING FROM THE TYROID
CARTILAGEANTERIORLY TO THE ARYTENOIDS CARTILAGES.
THE VOCAL THE LIPS FORM THE ORAL
THE ORAL THE THE
FOLDS AND NASAL
VIBRATE.
CAVITY OF THE UVULA PALATE CAVITY
MOUTH.
THE UVULA IS THAT THE NASAL CAVITY IS A
THE PALATE IS
SMALL PIECE OF RESONANTING
THE VOCAL FOLDS VIBRATE TO THE LIPS FORM SEGMENTED IN THREE
CHAMBER LYING
CREATE SOUNDS FOR SOFT TISSUE THAT SECTIONS ASWELL: THE
VOWELS AND VOICED THE ORAL CAVITY CAN BE SEEN UPPER TEETH, THA HARD ABOVE THE HARD AND
CONSONANTS. OF THE MOUTH DANGLING DOWN PALATE FORMS THE SOFT PALATE. THE
THE TONGUE IS SEGMENTED HOUSE OF THE MOUTH ORAL CAVITY IS A
IN THREE SECTIONS: THE AND ARE FROM THE SOFT
ALONG WITH THE SOFT RESONANTING
TONGUE TIP, ALSO PALATE OVER THE
KNOW AS APEX, IS THAT
COMPRISED OF BACK OF THE
STRUCTURE EZTENDS CHAMBER WHOSE
POETEROIRLY FROM THE SHAPE IS MODIFIED BY
PART LYING JUST BELOW MUSCLES FIBERS TONGUE. THE UVULA HARD PALATE AND ACTS THE ARTICULATORS TO
THE UPPER ALVEOLAR TO MODIFY THE
RIDGE, THE TONGUE FROM A NUMBER IS DESCRIBED
COMMUNICATION
PRODUCE THE NASAL
BACK IS THAT PART OF DIFFERENT VARIOUSLY SHAPED BETWEEN THE ORAL AND
AND ORAL SPEECH
LIKE A U, A TEAR OR NASAL CAVITY. SOUNDS.
FACIAL MUSCLES. A GRAPE.

3. THE VOWEL INVENTORY.
THE PICTURE BELOW SHOWS THE MOUTH CAVITY AND ITS EQUIVALENT
GRID IN WHICH THE TONGUE IS MOVED UP-DOWN OR BACK TO UTTER
THE VOWEL SOUNDS.
VOWELS. DIPHTHONGS VOWEL PRODUCTION
A VOWEL IS A SPEECH SOUND THE ASPECTS BCONSIDERED TO
WHEN VOWELS OCCUR COMBINATIONS,
PRODUCED BY HUMAN BEINGS DETERMINE THE VOWEL FEATURES
THEY ARE CALLED DIPHTHONGS. A
WHEN THE BREATH FLOWS OUT ARE AS FOLLOWS: VOICING: EVERY
DIPHTHONG STARTS IN ONE
THROUGH MOUTH WITHOUT BEING VOWEL IS VOICED IN BOTH
POSITION (NUCLEUS) AND MOVES
BLOCKED BY TEETH, TONGUE OR LANGUAGES; VOWEL QUALITY:
TO ANOTHER POSITION (THE GLIDE)
LIPS. VOWELS ARE NOT FORMED BY VOWELS ARE CLASSIFIED AS SIMPLE
OR VICEVERSA. A DIPHTHONG IS A
BLOCKING AIRFLOW; INSTEAD BY AND COMPLEX. THIS
SPEECH SOUND WHICH IS USUALLY
PASSING AIR THROUGH DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION DIFFERS FROM
CONSIDERED AS ONE DISTINCTIVE
SHAPES OF THE MOUTH AND ENGLISH AND SPANISH. SIMPLE
VOWEL SOUND OF A PARTICULAR
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF THE VOWELS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS PURE
LANGUAGE.
TONGUE AND LIPS. VOWELS. THEY ARE FOR
ENGLISH:/a/, /æ/, /Ɛ/, /ɪ/,
/ɔ/, /ʊ/, /ǝ/; FOR SPANISH:
/a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/.

4. THE VOWEL INVENTORY
FRONT CENTRAL BACK
HIGH
MID
LOW
THE PICTURE BELOW
SHOW THE MOUTH
CAVITY AND IT IS
SPREAD NEUTRAL ROUNDED
EQUIVALENT GRID IN
WHICH THE TONGE IS
MOVED UP-DOWN OR
BACK TO UTTER THE
VOWEL SOUND

5. VOWEL PRODUCTION.
ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEME SPANISH VOWEL PHONEME
QUADRANT. QUADRANT.
THE POSITION OF THE ARTUCULATORY WITH VERY FEW EXCEPTIONS, NO MORE
ORGANS IN THE PRODUCTION OF THAN TWO VOWELS CAN OCCUR
VOWELS IS NOT AS AESILY SPECIFIED TOGETHER IN SPANISH. VOWEL
AS THAT OF CONSONANTS. THIS IS PAIRS ARE PRONUNCED ACCORDING
MAINLY DUE TO THE LINGUISTIC TO A FEW SIMPLE RULES. FIRSTLY
POINTS OF VIEW, RESEARCHES, THE VOWELS ARE GROUPED INTO
SOME BACKGROUNDS AND STRONG OR OPEN SOUNDS /a/, /e/
DIALECTS WHICH MAY CHANGE AND /o/ AND WEAK OR CLOSED
CERTAIN DETAILS ON THE VOWEL SOUNDS /i/ AND /u/.
INVENTORY.
NOT ALL DIALECTS OF ENGLISH
MAINTAIN A DISTINCTION BETWEEN
THE LAX MID-BACK VOWEL[ɔ] AND
THE LOW VOWEL [a].

6. ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT
AREA
FRONT CENTRAL BACK
/iy/ /uw/ TENSE
HIGH
T M
O U
N S
G /I/ /ʊ/ C
E L
MID
/ey/ E
P /ə/ /ow/
O /ɛ/ T
SI E
LOW
TI N
O /æ/ /ɔ/ TI
LAX
N O
/a/ N
SPREAD NEUTRAL ROUNDED
LIP SHAPE

7. SPANISH VOWEL PHONEME
QUADRANT
AREA
T FRONT CENTRAL BACK M
O U
/i/ /u/
S
HIGH
N
G C
T L
E E E
N
MID
P /e/ /o/ S
O T
E E
S
I N
LOW
T T
I /a/ I
O O
NEUTRA ROUNDE
N SPREAD N
L D
LIP SHAPE

8. PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC VOWEL
CONTRAST.
CONTRASTIS THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION WHICH IS USED BY THE SPEAKER TO DISTINGUISH
DIFFERENT UTTERANCES IN A LANGUAGE.
MONOPHTHONGS.
VOWEL SOUNDS ARE SORTED AS MONOPHTHONGS AND DIPHTHONGS. A
MONOPHTHONGS IS A SINGLE VOWEL ARTICULATED WITHOUT CHANGE IN
QUALITY THROUGHOUT THE COURSE OF A SYLLABLE, AS THE VOWEL OF
ENGLISH <pet> /pƐt/ AND SPANISH <toro> /‘toɾo/, AS WELL AS TWO
WRITTEN VOWELS REPRESENTING A SINGLE SOUND, AS <ea> IN <team>
/tɪym/. MONOPHTHONGS ARE JUST ONE VOWEL SOUND. THEY ARE
CLASSIFIED AS FRONT, CENTRAL AND BACK SOUNDS. A FRONT VOWEL IS
PRONUNCED WITH THE HIGHEST PART OF THE TONGUE PUSHED FORWARD IN
THE MOUTH AND SOMEWHAT ARCHEDWITH A FORWARD SHIFT OF THE
TONGUE FROM ITS NEUTRAL POSITION.
SPANISH /i/ WITH ENGLISH /ɪy/ AND /ɪ/
SPANISH /i/. ENGLISH /ɪy/. ENGLISH /I/

9. SPANISH /i/ WITH ENGLISH /ɪy/
AND /ɪ/.
SPANISH /i/ ENGLISH /Iy/ ENGLISH /I/
THE FRONTO SECTION OF THE TONGUE IS THE TONGUE IS
THE TONGUE RISES TO POSITIONED FORWARD
POSITIONED FORWARD AND SLIGHTLY LOWER
MAKE CONTACT BOTH
AND HIGH IN THE ORAL THAN IN THE ORAL
SIDES OF THE UPPER
LATERAL TEETH. A CAVITY WITH THE SIDES CAVITY FOR /i/, WITH
GROOVE IS FORMED IN IN CONTACT WITH THE THE SIDES IN CONTACT
THE MIDDLE OF IT AND TEETH LATERALLY AND WITH THE TEETH
THE AIRSTREAM THE TIP POSITIONED LATERALLY AND THE
BEHIND THE LOWER TIP POSITIONEED
FLOWS THROUGHOUT
BEHIND THE LOWER
FREELY. THE TIP OF TEETH. THE LIPS ARE TEETH. THE JAW
THR TONGUE TOUCHES SPREAD AND MOVES UP SLIGHTLY
THE LOWER INCISIVE RETRACTED. THE JAW LOWER THAN FOR /i/.
TEETH. MOVES UP. LIPS ARE SPREAD AND
EXEMPLE: RETRACTED.
EXEMPLE:
<i> <ira> /‘iɾa / EXEMPLE:
<ee> <week> /‘wɪyk /
<o> <women>
/‘wɪmɪn/

10. SPANISH /e/ WITH ENGLISH /ey/
AND /Ɛ/.
SPANISH /e/ ENGLISH /ey/ ENGLISH /Ɛ /
THE DORSO SECTION OF THE THE TONGUE IS
THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED FORWARD
TONGUE REACHES THE
POSITIONED FORWARD AND HIGH IN THE ORAL
BORDERS OF THE HARD
PALATE MAKING A AND HIGH IN THE ORAL CAVITY WITH THE SIDES
GROOVE BETWEEN THE CAVITY WITH ITS SIDES IN CONTACT WITH THE
TONGUE AND THE IN CONTACT WITH THE LATERAL TEETH AND
PALATE. THE JAW THE TIP PLACED
LATERAL TEETH. THE BEHIND THE LOWER
MOVES DOWN MORE JAW MOVES UP. THE
THAN IN /i/ TEETH. LIPS ARE
LIPS ARE SPREAD AND SPREAD AND
PRODUCTION. THE TIP
OF THE TONGUE MOVES RETRACTED. RETRACTED.
FORWARD THE LOWER EXEMPLE: EXEMPLE:
FRONT TEETH. <ay> <say> /‘sey/ <ea> <head>
/‘hƐd/
EXEMPLE:
<e> <tren> /‘tɾen/

11. SPANISH /a/ WITH ENGLISH /a/
AND / æ /.
SPANISH /a/ ENGLISH /æ/ ENGLISH /a/ ENGLISH / ǝ /
THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED THE TONGUE IS THE TONGUE IS
THE DORSO SECTION OF SLIGHTLY BACK AND
THE TONGUE MOVES SLIGHTLY AND LOW IN THE SLIGHTLY BACK AND
ORAL CAVITY WITH THE APEX LOW IN THE ORAL LOW IN THE ORAL
UPWARDS GENTLY TO CAVITY WITH THE
THE CENTRAL AREA OF POSITIONED BEHIND THE CAVITY WITH THE
LOWER TEETH. THE JAW IS TIP OF THE TONGUE TIP OF THE TONGUE
THE ORAL CAVITY. THE PLACING BEHIND
TONGUE REMAINS LOWERED MORE THAN ANY PLACING BEHIND
OTHER FRONT VOWEL THE LOWER FRONT THE LOWER FRONT
MOVELESS. THE TIP OF TEETH. THE JAW IS
THE TONGUE TOUCHES SOUND. LIPS ARE SPREAD TEETH. THE JAW IS
AND RETRACTED. SLIGHTLY LOWERED SLIGHTLY LOWERED
LIGHTLY THE LOWER AND MAY CHANGE
INCISIVE TEETH. THE A CENTRAL VOWEL SOUND IS AND MAY CHANGE
PRODUCED WITH THE DEPENDING ON THE DEPENDING ON THE
JAW MOVES DOWN PHONETIC
MUCH GREATLY THAN TONGUE IN ITS CENTRAL PHONETIC
POSITION ANDNEAR THE ENVIRONMENT. LIPS ENVIRONMENT. LIPS
THE OTHER SOUNDS. ARE SPREAD.
EXEMPLE: CENTER OF THE VOCAL ARE SPREAD.
CAVITY. EXEMPLE: EXEMPLE:
<a> <cársel> /‘kaɾsel/ <u> <hut>
EXEMPLE: <o> <not>
<a> <hat> /‘hæt/ /‘nat/ /‘hǝt/

12. SPANISH /o/ WITH ENGLISH / ɔ/
AND /ow /.
SPANISH /o/ ENGLISH /ɔ/ ENGLISH / ow/
THE TONGUE IS RETRACTED THE TONGUE IS POSITIONED THE DORSO SECTION OF THE
BACKWARDS THE ORAL BACK IN A LOW-MIED TONGUE IS MOVED
CAVITY. THE POSITION WITH RESPECT TO BACKWARDS BUT LOWER
POSTDORSO SECTION THE HEIGHT. THE JAW IS THAN / ʊ /. THE JAW IS
OF THE TONGUE MOVES SLIGHTLY LOWERED. THE LIPS SLIGHTLY LOWERED. THE
UP TOWARD THE SOFT ARE ROUNDED BUT BIGGER LIPS ARE ROUNDED AND
PALATE. THE TIP OF THE THAN FOR /u/ AND/ow/. PROTRUDED.
TONGUE REACHES THE EXEMPLE: EXEMPLE:
LOWER TOOTH RIDGE. <a> <war> /‘wɔɹ/ <ew> <sew>
LIPS ARE ROUNDED. /‘sow/
EXEMPLE:
<o> <amor> /a‘moɾ/

13. A DIPHTHONG IS A PHONOLOGICAL
DIPHTHONGS GROUP CONSISTING OF A VOWEL
SOUND FOLLOWED BY A NON-
ADJACENT GLIDE WITHIN THE SAME
SYLLABLE.
ENGLISH SPANISH
DIPHTHONGS DIPHTHONGS
A DIPHTHONG IS A COMPLEX VOWEL, MADE OF
THE VOWELS IN SPANISH CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS
TWO COMPONENTS; A DIPHTHONG BEGINS AS
EITHER WEAK, <i,u> OR STRONG, <o,e,a> AND THE
ONE VOWEL AND FINISHES AS ANOTHER.
CLASSIFICATION CAN DETERMINE WHEN
USUALLY, THE TWO COMPONENTS CAN BE
COMBINATIONS OF TWO OR MORE VOWELS ARE
REFERRED TO AS A NUCLEUS AND AN OFF-
CONSIDERED TO FORM A SEPARATE SYLLABLE.
GLIDE. FOR EXEMPLE, THE DIPHTHOND
THE BASIC RULE OF VOWEL COMBINATIONS AND
TRANSCRIBED PHONETICALLY [aɪ], FOUND IN
SYLLABLES IS THAT TWO STRONG VOWELS CANNOT
WORDS LIKE <ride>, IS COMPOSED OF /a/ (THE
BE IN THE SAME SYLLABLE, SO THAT WHEN TWO
NUCLEUS) AND /y/ (THE OFF-GLIDE). STANDARD
STRONG VOWELS ARE NEXT TO EACH OTHER, THEY
ENGLISH HAS THREE “PHONEMIC”
ARE CONSIDERED TO BELONG TO SEPARATE
DIPHTHONGS: /ay/, AS IN <ride> AND <why>,
SYLLABLES, <ma.re.o> /ma.‘ɾe.o/. BUT OTHER
/aw/, AS IN <loud> AND <how>, AND /ɔy/, IN
COMBINATIONS -SUCH AS A STRONG AND A WEAK
<boy> AND <moist>.
VOWEL OR TWO WEAK VOWELS- ARE CONSIDERED
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW THAT THERE ARE
TO FORM A SINGLE SYLLABLE, <frio.len.to>
SEVERAL ARBITRARY WAYS OF TRANSCRIBING
/fɾio.’len.to/, <bai.la.ble> /bay.’la.ble/.
DIPHTHONGS WHICH DO NOT DEAL WITH IPA.

14. OTHER GLIDED SOUNDS.(SPANISH
RISING DIPHTHONGS).
SPANISH SPANISH SPANISH SPANISH
DIPHTHONG /ya/ DIPHTHONG /ye/ DIPHTHONG /yo/ DIPHTHONG /yw/
THE DORSO SECTION OF THE DORSO SECTION OF
THE DORSO SECTION OF
THE TONGUE MOVES THE TONGUE MOVES THE TONGUE MOVES THE DORSO SECTION OF
DOWNWARDS FROM THE DOWNWARDS FROM THE DOWNWARDS AND THE TONGUE MOVES
HIGH FRONT POSITION TO HIGH FRONT POSITION BACKWARDS FROM THE BACKWARDS FROM THE
THE LOW CENTRAL TO THE MID FRONT HIGH FRONT POSITION HIGH FRONT POSITION TO
POSITION. LIP SHAPE POSITION. LIP SHAPE TO THE MID BACK THE HIGH BACK POSITION.
CHANGES FROM SPREAD TO KEEP SPREAD. JAW POSITION. LIPS SHAPE LIPS SHAPE CHANGE
CHANGE FROM SPREAD FROM SPREAD TO
NEUTRAL. THE JAW MOVES MOVES DOWN SLIGHTLY.
TO ROUNDED. JAW ROUNDED. THEREFORE,
DOWNWARDS. THEREFORE, AS A RESULT, /ye/~ [je] IS MOVES DOWN SLIGHTLY. /yw/~ [ju] IS FEATURED AS
/ya/~ [ja] IS VOICED, VOICED, COMPLEX- CONSEQUENTLY, /yo/~ VOICED, COMPLEX-NON
COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH [jo] IS FEATURED AS ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH
GLIDE, HIGH FRONT FRONT BECOMING LOW VOICED, COMPLEX-NON FRONT BECOMING MID
BECOMING LOW CENTRAL, FRONT, TENSE, SPREAD. ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH BACK, TENSE, SPREAD
TENSE, SPREAD BECOMING FRONT BECOMING MID
BACK, TENSE, SPREAD BECOMING ROUNDED.
NEUTRAL. EXEMPLE: EXEMPLE:
BECOMING ROUNDED.
EXEMPLE: SPANISH: EXEMPLE:
<ye> [je] [ tjene] SPANISH:
SPANISH:
SPANISH: <yu> [ju] [‟sju’đaɵ]
<yo> [jo] [„laBjo ]
<ya> [ja] [‟asja]

15. OTHER GLIDED SOUNDS.(SPANISH
RISING DIPHTHONGS).
SPANISH SPANISH SPANISH SPANISH
DIPHTHONG /wa/ DIPHTHONG /we/ DIPHTHONG /wy/ DIPHTHONG /wo/
THE DORSO SECTION
THE DORSO SECTION OF THE DORSO SECTION OF OF THE TONGUE THE DORSO SECTION OF
THE TONGUE MOVES THE TONGUE MOVES MOVES FORWARDS THE TONGUE MOVES
DOWNWARDS AND DOWNWARDS FROM THE CONTINUALLY FROM DOWNWARDS
FORWARDS FROM THE HIGH HIGH BACK POSITION TO THE HIGH BACK CONTINUALLY FROM THE
BACK POSITION TO THE LOW THE MID FRONT POSITION TO THE HIGH HIGH BACK POSITION TO
CENTRAL POSITION. LIP POSITION. LIP SHAPE FRONT POSITION. LIP THE MID BACK POSITION.
SHAPE CHANGE FROM SHAPE CHANGE FROM LIP SHAPE KEEP
CHANGE FROM
ROUNDED TO SPREAD. ROUNDED. THUS, /wo/~
ROUNDED TO NEUTRAL. ROUNDED TO SPREAD. FOR THAT REASON, [wo] IS FEATURED AS
THEREFORE, /wa/~ [wa] IS THEREFORE, /we/~ [we] /wy/~ [wi] IS FEATURED VOICED, COMPLEX -
FEATURED AS VOICED, IS FEATURED AS VOICED, AS VOICED, COMPLEX- ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH
COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT COMPLEX- NON NON ADJACENT GLIDE, BACK BECOMING MID
GLIDE, HIGH BACK ADJACENT GLIDE, HIGH HIGH BACK BECOMING
BECOMING LOW CENTRAL, BACK BECOMING MID HIGH FRONT, TENSE, BACK, TENSE, ROUNDED .
TENSE, ROUNDED FRONT, TENSE, ROUNDED SPREAD
BECOMING NEUTRAL. EXEMPLE:
ROUNDED BECOMING BECOMING ROUNDED .
SPREAD.
EXEMPLE: EXEMPLE: SPANISH:
EXEMPLE:
SPANISH: <wo> [wo]
SPANISH:
<wa> [wa] [‟aɤwa] SPANISH: <yo> [jo] [‟laBjo ]
[‘aɾđwo]
<we> [we] [„swelo]

16. SPANISH FALLING DIPHTHONGS.
SPANISH SPANISH SPANISH
DIPHTHONG /ay/ DIPHTHONG /ey/ DIPHTHONG /ew/
THE DORSO SECTION OF THE THE FRONTO SECTION OF
TONGUE MOVES UPWARDS THE FRONTO SECTION OF
THE TONGUE MOVES
AND FORWARDS THE TONGUE MOVES UPWARDS AND BACKWARDS
RECURRENTLY FROM THE LOW UPWARDS GENTLY FROM THE SMOOTHLY FROM THE MID
CENTRAL POSITION MAKING MID FRONT SECTION TO THE FRONTPOSITION TO THE
THE FRONTO SECTION OF THE HIGH FRONT AREA IN THE HIGH BACK AREA IN THE
TONGUE REACH THE HIGH ORAL CAVITY. LIP SHAPE IS ORAL CAVITY. LIP SHAPE
FRONT AREA IN THE ORAL KEPTAS SPREAD. CHANGES FROM SPREAD TO
CAVITY. LIP SHAPE IS MODIFIED THEREFORE, /ey/~ [Ɛi] IS ROUNDED. CONSEQUENTLY,
FROM NEUTRAL TO SPREAD. /ew/~ [Ɛu] IS VOICED,
FEATURED AS VOICED,
HENCE, /ay/~ [ai] IS FEATURED COMPLEX-NON ADJACENT
COMPLEX-ADJACENT GLIDE,
AS VOICED, COMPLEX-NON GLIDE, MID FRONT
ADJACENT GLIDE, LOW MID FRONT BECOMING HIGH
BECOMING HIGH BACK,
CENTRAL, BECOMING HIGH FRONT, TENSE, SPREAD. THE
TENSE, SPREAD BECOMING
FRONT, TENSE, NEUTRAL /e/ SOUND AS PART OF A ROUNDED. THE /e/ SOUND AS
BECOMING SPREAD. FALLING DIPHTHONG PART OF A FALLING
BECOMES OPEN [Ɛ]. DIPHTHONG BECOMES OPEN
EXEMPLE: [Ɛ].
EXEMPLE:
SPANISH: EXEMPLE:
<ay> [ai] [‟aire] SPANISH: SPANISH:
< Ɛi> [Ɛi] [„pƐine ] < eu> [Ɛu] [‟fƐuđo ]

17. THE CONSONANT INVENTORY
USED PRIMARILY FOR BREATHING AND EATING SECONDARILY
FOR SPEAKING CONSTRCTING AIRFLOW IN THE MOUTH AT
VARIOUS POINTS, WE MAKE THE DISTINCTIVE SOUNDS FOR
HUMAN SPEECH. THE VOCAL TRACT HAS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
ARTICULATORS. THEY ARE ALSO KNOW AS ARTICULATORS AND
POINTS ARTICULATION.
ARTICULATORY BASIS
FOUR PRINCIPAL DIMIENSIONS ARE CONSIDERED WHEN
REGARDING “CONSONANT ARTICULATION” VOICING
ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF THE ARTICULATION
CAVITY AND MANNER.

18. IT DIRECTLY DEALS WITH THE VOICING
SOUND QUALITY PRODUCED BY THE
VOCAL CORDS. WHEN VOCAL
CORDS VIBRATED, IT IS SAID TO BE
VOICED; OTHERWISE, IT IS SIAD TO
BE VOICELESS
VOICED CONSONANTS. VOICELESS
A SIMPLE EXPLANATION OF VOICED
CONSONANTS IS THAT THEY USED VOICELESS CONSONANTS DO NOT
THE VOICE. THIS IS EASY TO TEST BY USED THE VOICE. THEY ARE
PUTTING YOUR FINGER ON YOUR PERCUSSIVE AND HARD SOUNDS.
THROAT. YOU CAN TEST IF A CONSONANT IS
VOICELESS BY PUTTING YOUR
FINGER ON YOUR THROAT

19. ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF ARTICULATION
POINT THE MANNER OF
THE ARTICULATOR CAVITY
ARTICULATION ARTICULATION
IT REFERS TO THE WAY
IS THE DOER OF IS ANY PART OF IT CONCERNS HOW AIR FLOWS OUT
THE THE MOUTH THE PLACE DURING THE PRODUCTION
ARTICULATION THAT CAN BE WHERE AIR GOES OF A SOUND. THE SOUND
AND MOVES REACHED BY THE THROUGH. IT MIGHT BE STOP FRICATIVE
FREELY ENOUGH CAN BE THE NASAL LATERAL VIBRANT
ARTICULATOR. IT AFFRICATEOR A
TO BE ACTIVE IN IS ALSO KNOWN MOUTH OR
CONTINUANT. THE
THE APEECH. IT IS AS MAJOR NASAL CAVITY. MANNER OF CONSONANTS
ALSO KNOWN AS PASSIVE DESCRIBES THE MANNER IN
MAJOR ACTIVE ARTICULATOR WHICH AIRFLOW IS
ARTICULATOR RESTRICTED.

20. PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONSONANT
CONTRAST
CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND
SPANISH STOPS
STOP OR HOMORGANIC
PLOSIVE. SOUNDS
THE ACTIVE ARTICULATOR TOUCHES THE
PASSIVE ARTICULATOR AND COMPLETELY IN PHONETICS, THIS REFERS TO
CUTS OFF THE AIRFLOW THROUGH THE SOUNDS MADE AT THE SAME PLACE
MOUTH. ENGLISH AND SPANISH STOPS OF ARTICULATION. LITERALLY, WITH
INCLUDE: /p/, /b, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/. IF /P/, THE SAME ORGAN, BUT WITH MOST
/t/ OR /k/ ARE PRONUNCED BEGINNING SOUNDS THE ORGAN IS THE
OF AN ENGLISH WORDS, A STRONG PUFF
TONGUE, SO IN THESE CASES IT
OF BREATH WILL BE FELT. IT IS CALLED
REFERS TO WHICH POINT IN THE
ASPIRATION.
ORAL CAVITY THE TONGUE IS
MEANWHILE, THIS ASPIRATION MAY NOT BE
FELT IN SPANISH OCCLUSIVE
TOUCHING, EVENTHOUGH THE
SOUNDS..BESIDES, ALL THE PLOSIVE LOWER LIP ALSO PRODUCES
EXCEPT /d/ DO NOT OCCUR IN FINAL HOMORGANIC SOUNDS. STOP
POSITION. THEREFORE, A MAJOR SOUNDS, BOTH IN ENGLISH AND
CONCENTRATION ON THEIR PROCUCTION SPANISH, MAY BE CONSIDERED AS
MUST BE PLACED WHEN UTTERING THE HOMORGANIC.
FINAL PLOSIVE ENGLISH SOUNDS.

21. HOMORGANIC
SOUNDS
IN PHONETICS THIS
LITERALLY, WITH
REFERS TO SOUNDS
THE SAME ORGAN,
MADE AT THE SAME
BUT WITH MOST
PLACE OF
SOUND THE ORGAN
ARTICULATION.
/p-b/ PRODUCTION IS THE TONGUE
PICTURE
BILABIAL ORAL
STOP
/b/ VOICED VOICELESS /p/

22. /p/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
FEATURES.
/p/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER
FEATURES. ANALYSIS.
SPANISH AND ENGLISH /p/ IS VOICELESS, BILABIAL,
ORAL, STOP. HOWEVER, SPANISH HAS JUST ONE IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT L2
ALLOPHONE: [p] VOICELESS, BILABIAL, ORAL, PRONUNCIATION ERRORS ARE OFTEN
STOP, UNASPIRATED. CAUSED BY THE TRANSFER OF WELL-
OPPOSEDLY, ENGLISH HAS FOUR ALLOPHONES: [Pʰ-] ESTABLISHED L1 SOUND SYSTEMS, IT IS
VOICELESS, BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP, STRONGLY IMPORTANT TO EXAMINE SOME OF THE
ASPIRATED, [-p-] VOICELESS, BILABIAL, ORAL, CHARACTERISTIC PHONOLOGICAL
STOP, UNASPIRATED, [-p '] VOICELESS, BILABIAL, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPANISH AND
ORAL, STOP, UNRELEASED, [-p-] VOICELESS, ENGLISH. TO DISCUSS SEVERAL
BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP, RELEASED. PROBLEMATIC AREAS OF
EXEMPLES: PRONUNCIATION FOR SPANISH
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH BY COMPARING
ENGLISH: <p> pick /'pɪk / SEGMENTAL AND SUPRASEGMENTAL
SPANISH: <p> patrón /pa'tɾon/, capa ASPECTS OF BOTH LANGUAGES IS QUITE
/'kapa/ REMARKABLE IN A CONTRASTIVE
LINGUISTICS COURSE.

23. CONTEXTUALIZED PHONETIC
TRANSCRIPTION
CONTEXTUALIZED STRONG AND WEAK
PHONETIC FORMS
TRANSCRIPTION
IN CONNECTED SPEECH, MANY OF THE
SMALL WORDS WE USE VERY
FOR STUDENTS WHO HAVE MASTERED FREQUENTLY TEND TO TAKE ON A
THE IPA (INTEERNATIONAL PHONETIC DIFFERENT SHAPE FROM THE ONE
ALPHABET) PHONETIC LISTED IN THE DICTIONARY. ALL OF
TRANSCRIPTIONS CAN HELP IMPROVE THESE WORDS BELONG TO THE
THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF THE CATEGORY OF FUNCTION WORDS. THESE
IMPORTANCE OF CONNECTED SPEECH ARE WORDS THAT HAVE LITTLE
WHEN SPEAKING ENGLISH. SEMANTIC CONTENT OF THEIR OWN,
DICTIONARIES GIVE SINGLE WORD BUT TEND TO HAVE MORE
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONS WHICH GRAMMATICAL OR REFERENTIAL
CAN GREATLY IMPROVE STUDENTS FUNCTION IN RELATING CONTENT
PRONUNCIATION SKILLS. THIS IS IN WORDS OR HIGHER SYNTACTIC UNITS TO
GREAT PART DUE TO THE FACT THAT ONE ANOTHER.
ENGLISH IS A TIME STRESSED
LANGUAGE.
EXEMPLES:
<he> /hɪm/ /ɪm/
<can> /kæn/ /kən/

24. /b/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
FEATURES.
/b/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
FEATURES.
THE ENGLISH /-b/ IS MISPRONOUNCED AND THE VOICELESS
LABIO-DENTAL FRIVATIVE /-f/ IS WRONGLY USED.
BOTH SPANISH AND ENGLISH /b/ SOUND IS VOICED, BILABIAL,
ORAL, STOP. SPANISH HAS TWO ALLOPHONES: [b] VOICED,
BILABIAL, ORAL, STOP, AND
[-ß-] VOICED, BILABIAL, ORAL, FRICATIVE, WHICH OCCURS AFTER
/l/ /ɾ/, BETWEEN VOWELS AS WELL ASA BETWEEN A VOWEL
AND A VOICED CONSONANT SOUND. [-ƀ-] IS ARBITRARY
SYMBOL THAT CAN BE FOUND IN NON-OFFICIAL IPA
NOTATION.
EXEMPLES:
ENGLISH: <b> crab /‘kɹæb/
SPANISH: <b> baraja /ba'ɾaxa/, <v> vaca
/‘baka/

25. /t-d/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
FEATURES.
/t/ PHONEMIC AND /d/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC FEATURES. PHONETIC FEATURES.
BOTH SPANISH AND ENGLISH USE THE SAME
/t/, THE CONSONANT QUALITY DIFFERS DUE TO THE POINT
OF ARTICULATION. THUS, SPANISH /t/ IS VOICELESS, APICO- PHONOLOGICAL SYMBOL /d/. IT IS, IN SPANISH,
DENTAL, ORAL, STOP. THIS PHONEME PRESENTS JUST ONE VOICED, APICO-DENTAL, ORAL, STOP AND HAS FOUR
ALLOPHONE: [t] IS VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP ALLOPHONES: [d] VOICED, APICO-DENTAL, ORAL,
AND HAS SEVEN VARIANTS: [tʰ-] VOICELESS, APICO- STOP; [-δ-] VOICED, APICO-INTERDENTAL, ORAL,
ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, STRONGLY ASPIRATED, [-t-] FRICATIVE (OTHER SYMBOL IS [đ] WHICH IS UTTERED
VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, UNASPIRATED, [- WHEN FOUND BETWEEN VOWELS, AFTER THE FLAP
ɾ-] VOICELESS, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, FLAP. /t/ IS BETWEEN SOUND /ɾ/ AND A VOICED CONSONANT SOUND; [-θ]
VOWELS AND THE STRESS ISPLACED ON A PREVIOUS VOICELESS, APICO-INTERDENTAL, ORAL, FRICATIVE..
SYLLABLE, [- ʔ-] VOICELESS, GLOTTAL, STOP, NASAL, IN ENGLISH, THE /d/ SOUND IS VOICED, APICO-
RELEASED WHICH OCCURS IN FINAL-WORD POSITION
ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP AND THREE ALLOPHONES
BETWEEN A VOWEL AND AN <-n>, v [-t] VOICELESS, APICO-
MIGHT BE FOUND: [d] VOICED, APICO-ALVEOLAR,
ALVEOLAR, NASALIZED, STOP, [-t'] VOICELESS, APICO-
ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, UNRELEASED, AND [-t -̍] VOICELESS, ORAL, STOP; [-ɾ-] VOICED, APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL,
APICO-ALVEOLAR, ORAL, STOP, RELEASED. FLAP , (OTHER SOUND OCCURS JUST IN
INTERVOCALIC POSITIONBEFORE UN UNSTRESSED
EXEMPLES: SYLLABLE; r [-ʔ-] v VOICELESS, GLOTTAL, STOP, NASAL,
RELEASED).
SPANISH: <resta> ['resta]
EXEMPLE:
ENGLISH: <hoped> [‘howpt]
SPANISH: <d> andar /an'daɾ/
ENGLISH: <d> date /‘deyt/

26. /k-g/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
FEATURES.
/k/ PHONEMIC AND /g/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC PHONETIC
FEATURES. FEATURES.
THE /k/ SOUND KEEPS THE SAME
FEATURES IN BOTH LANGUAGES:
VOICELESS, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, SAPNISH SPEAKERS MAY
STOP. HOWEVER, THEY DIFFER IN PRONOUNCE THE ENGLISH [-g-]
THEIR PHONETIC ANALYSIS. THE SOUND AS [- γ -] AND THE ENGLISH
SPANISH /k/ HAS ONE ALLOPHONE: [k] [-g] SOUND AS [x].
BOTH LANGUAGES HAVE
VOICELESS,N DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, PHONETICALLY THE SAME /g/ SOUND:
STOP, UNASPIRATED. THE ENGLISH /k/ VOICED, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP.
HAS FOUR ALLOPHONES: [kʰ-] SPANISH HAS THREE VARIATIONS: [g]
VOICELEES, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, VOICED, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP,
STOP, STRONGLY ASPIRATED; [-k-] [- γ -] VOICED, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL,
FRICATIVE WHICH OCCURS BETWEEN
VOICELESS, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL,
VOWEL SOUNDS, AFTER / ɾ/ AND /l/.
STOP, UNASPIRATED; [-kˉ] VOICELESS,
ENGLISH HAS ONE ALLOPHONE: [g]
DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP, RELEASED; VOICED, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, STOP.
[-k'] VOICELESS, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL,
STOP, UNRELEASED. EXEMPLE:
SPANISH: <g> gato /'gato/
EXEMPLE: ENGLISH: <g> great /‘gɹəyt/
SPANISH: <c> acosar /ako'saɾ/
ENGLISH: <c> clear / ‘kliyəɹ /

27. CONTRATS OF ENGLISH AND
SPANISH FRICATIVE
FRICATIVE SOUNDS ARE PRODUCED THE ARTICULATOR
PARTIALLY TOUCHES THE POINT OF ARTICULATIONAND
GETS CLOSE ENOUGH THAT AIRFLOW THROUNGH THE
OPENING BECOMES TURBULENT.
ENGLISH SPANISH has a wide
/f/ /v/ labio dental dialectal variation,
/s/ /z/ apico alveolar consequently
/θ/ /ð/ apico speakers of different
interdental dialects our
/ʃ/ /Ʒ/ fronto palatal pronounciation
/h/ glottal problem.
TIPS
The letter <v> is a part of the Spanish Alphabet it is pronunced [b] or fricative [β].
The /ʃ/ sound is not problem for Ecuadorian Andean speakers due to the
kychwa /ʃ/.

28. /f-v/ PRODUCTION
/f/voiceless, labio-dental,oral, fricative.
/v/ voiced, labio-dental,oral, fricative
/f/ PHONEMIC AND /v/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC PHONETIC
FEATURES FEATURES
Both languages have
the /f/ sound which is The /v/ sound does
voiceless, labio- not exist in Spanish.
dental,oral, fricative. In English /v/ is
Spanish has two voiced, labio-
allophones: dental,oral, fricative.
[f] [ɸ] It has one allophone:
[v]

29. /s-z/ PRODUCTION
/
/s/ voiceless, apico-alveolar, oral, fricative.
/z/ voiced, apico-alveolar, oral, fricative.
/s/ PHONEMIC AND /z/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC PHONETIC
FEATURES FEATURES
Both languages have
the /s/ sound which is Both languages have the /s/
voiceless, apico- sound which is voiceless,
alveolar,oral, fricative. apico-alveolar,oral,
fricative.In Spanish the [z]
English variants:
sound occurs before a voiced
[s] [-s̻-] consonant sound because of
its positional variation and it
is an allophone.
English has one allophone:
[z]

30. /θ/ PRODUCTION
/
/θ/ voiceless, apico-interdental, oral, fricative.
/θ/ PHONEMIC AND
/θ/ PRODUCTION PHONETIC
FEATURES
Both languages have the /θ/ sound
Ecuadorian Spanish speakers find
whichthe distinction that Spanish it is an
particulary difficulty in
allophone [θ] while in English it is a
producing the /Ɵ/ in initial and
phneme.
midddle position of English
The English /θ/ sound has no phonetic
words. In final position, we do
variation.
have this sound as an
Eventhough the phoneme /θ/ is not used
allophone of /d/
in American Spanish it occurs in a low
register as a phoneme of /s/ in the
EXAMPLES:
province of Manabí in our country-
SPANISH
Ecuador.
Ciudad [sju‟ðaθ]
For example:
ENGLISH
<salir> /θa'li/
Thank /‟θæŋk/
<receta> /ɾe'θeta/

31. /ð/ PRODUCTION
/ð/ voiced, apico-interdental, oral, fricativa.
/ð/ PHONEMIC AND
/ð/ PRODUCTION PHONETIC
FEATURES
Since [ð] is a positional
variant in Spanish for /d/ Both languages have the /ð/
Spanish speakers tend to sound in Spanish it is an
pronounce <th> as a allophone which occurs in middle
dental stop sound, /d/. position betwwen vowels.
English it is a phoneme [ð] in
EXAMPLES: initial, middle and final position.
SPANISH:
Verdad [beɾ̻‟ðaθ] ENGLISH EXAMPLES:
ENGLISH
That /‟ðæt/ Although /əl'ðow/
Teethe /'tiyð/

32. /ʃ/ PRODUCTION
/ʃ/ voiced, fronto-palatal, oral, groove, fricative.
/ʃ/ PRODUCTION /ʃ/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC
FEATURES
In Spanish does not occurs . Speanish
speakers from Ecuador use it as part of
kichwa words loaned to the language. This /ʃ/ sound occurs
EXAMPLES: exclusively in English
ENGLISH: <sh> should /'ʃʊd/
<s> insurance /ɪn'ʃʊɹəns/ has one allophone [ʃ] .
<ss> issue /’ɪʃuw/
ENGLISH: <sch> schwa /'ʃwa/ Examples:
<sc> crescendo /kɹə’ʃƐndow/
English
<ce> ocean /’owʃƐn/
ENGLISH: <ci> special /‘spƐʃəl/ Propulsion /pɹə„pəlʃən/
<ti> partial /’parʃəl/ Permission /pəɹ'mɪʃən
<xu,xi>=k luxury /‘ləkʃəɹɪy/

33. /ʒ /PRODUCTION
/ʒ/ Sound occurs in English only middle
and final position.
.
The English /ʒ / sounds features are voiced,
fronto-palatal, oral, groove, fricative, and has
an allophone which keeps the same features
as it s phoneme.
/ʒ/In spanish does not occurs a phoneme.
EXAMPLES:
Garage /gə'ɹaʒ/
<si>ocacion /ə„keyʒən/
<s>measure /mɛʒəɹ/
<g> regime /ɹeyɪ'ʒiym/
<z> azure /'æʒəɹ/

34. /x /SPANISH
PRODUCTION
ORAL
DORSO VELAR
FRICATIVE
VOICELESS
/x /Is a sound which exists particularly in Spanish. EXAMPLES:
This phoneme has three allophones which may occur in <j>jarabe /xa'ɾabe/
free variation regarding the position. This are <g>girasol /xiɾa‘sol/
[x] voiceless, dorso-velar,oral,fricative. <x>Xavier /xa'byeɾ/
[h] voiceless, glottal,oral,fricative.
[Ø] zero allophone

35. /h / PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
ORAL
GLOTTAL
FRICATIVE
VOICELESS
Spanish /h /has an allophone of [x] used by people
front the coastal region. EXAMPLES:
This phoneme in English has two allophones. This are <h>holiday /‘halɪdey/
[h] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative. <wh>whole /‘howl/
[-ɦ-] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative, and happens just
between voiced sounds.
The /h/ sounds never occurs in final position nor has a
counterpart.

36. CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH
AFFRICATES
THOSE CONSONANTS HAVE
THE SAME OR SIMILAR
PLACES OF
ARTICULATION.
ENGLISH
SPANISH
AFFRICATES:
AFFRICATES:
/tʃ/ [tʃ]
[dʒ]
/tʃ/ [tʃ]

37. /tʃ/ /dʒ/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
Apico alveolar lamino
fronto palatal oral
Voiceless /tʃ/
Africative
Voiced /dʒ/
/tʃ/ there are in Spanish
and English. It is Examples English
voiceless, apico alveolar, <cheap> /tʃɪyp/
lamino , fronto , palatal, <preacher> /pɹɪytʃəɹ/
oral affricate. Its <reach> / ɹɪytʃ/
phoneme [tʃ]

38. /dʒ/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
Spanish spellings: /ʤ/ does not exist
as a phoneme .
In english its occurs as phoneme
and allophone /ʤ/voiced, apico
alveolar, lamino, fronto palatal,
oral affricate
EXAMPLES OF ENGLISH:
<jam> /ʤæm/
<larger> /laɹʤəɹ/
<large> /laɹʤ/

39. /m/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
The /m/sounds is similar in
both languages:[m] voiced,
bilabial, nasal, occlusive,
continuant.
ENGLISH SPANISH
The /m/ phoneme has three allophones: The /m/ phoneme has one
[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, allophone:
continuant
[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal,
[-ɱ-] voiced, labiodental, nasal, occlusive,
continuant which occurs before the voiceless occlusive, continuant
labiodental fricative.
[m̩ ] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive,
continuant, occurs in a word finally syllable

40. The /n/ Sound is
voided, apico- [n] is voiced,
/n/PHONEMIC aleolar, nasal , In Spanish apico-alveolar,
AND PHONETIC occlusive, nasal ,
FEATURES continuant, in both They are : occlusive,
english and continuant
spanish.
[-ɱ-] is voiced, [nʲ] is voiced, [-n̻-] is
[ŋ] is voiced, voiced,apico
labiodental, nasal fronto-palatal,
, occlusive,
dorso-velar, nasal nasal , occlusive, dental, nasal,
, occlusive, continuant . And occusive,
continuant. And
continuant. And ocurrer before the continuant . And
ocurrer before
ocurrer before a
the voiceless voiceless palatal happeens before
dorso velar affricate sound,
labiodental
sound, /k-g-x/ a dental stop /t,d
fricative /f/ /tʃ/ /Sound

41. /ŋ/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC FEATURES
[ŋ] is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal , occlusive, continuant.
[-ņ-] is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal , occlusive, continuant. Syllabic which happens just
in contextual speech between 2 any dorso velar sound, /k-g-x/
/ŋ/ PRODUCTION
Both languages have the /ŋ/ sound. It
voiced, is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal ,
occlusive, continuant
In english, /ŋ/ is a phoneme. The english /ŋ/
has to possible allophones
In Spanish, /ŋ/ is allophone of /n/.
REMINDER
The spanish [ŋ] occurs in free vatiation in
final-word position

42. CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND
SPANISH LATERALS
When an /l/ is formed, the tongue tip touches the alveolar ridge (or
maybe the upper teeth)
Sounds like this with airflow
along the sides of the tongue are
called lateral
English lateral only incluides /l/.
Spanish laterals includes /l/ and
/ʎ/

43. /l/ PHONEMIC • English and spanish have the /l/ sound which is
AND PHONETIC voiced, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral
• English has more allophones than spanish
FEATURES
• [l] voiced, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral
SPANISH • [˛l] voiceless, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral
VARIANTS • [ l̪ ] ] voiced, apico-dental , oral, lateral, which
occurs before a dental sound /t-d/
• [l] voiced, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral
ENGLISH • [˛l] voiceless, apico-alveolar , oral, lateral
ALLOPHONES • [-ɫ] voiced, dorso-velar, oral, dark, lateral
ARE: • [-˛ɫ] voiced, dorso-velar, oral, dark, lateral,
syllabic, which occurs in final-word position

44. THE PHONEMIC /ʎ/
THE /ʎ/ SOUND BELONG PARTICULARY TO SPANISH. IT IS
VOICED, FRONTO-PALATAL, ORAL, LATERAL
/ʎ/ PRODUCTION /ʎ/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC FEATURES
The /ʎ/ does not exist in the english language, english
speakers occasionally pronunce /l/ for /ʎ/ or virtually In Ecuador and some other
use the “yeismo”. countries of Latin America
The yeismo is a distinctive feature of many dialects of
the Spanish language.
some variants many happen:
Which consists of the loss of the traditional palatal [ʎ] voiced, fronto-palatal,
lataral phoneme writen <ll>, and its merger into oral, lateral
phoneme written /y/ usually realized as a palatal [y] voiced, fronto-palatal,
fricative
The term ye{ismo comes from the Spanish name of oral, groove, frcative
the letter y(i griega or ye) These may happen in free
variation.
EXEMPLE:
<llama> /ˈllama/or/ˈyama/. The correc is /ˈʎama/

45. /w-y/ PHONETIC AND
PHONEMIC FEATURES
/W/ VOICED, BILABIAL, DORSO-VELAR, ORAL, APPROXIMANT
/y/ VOICED, FRONTO-PALATAL, ORAL, APPROXIMANT
/w/ /y/
PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
/w/ It occurs in both languages
SPANISH:
Have both languages
[-i] Voiced, Fronto-palatal, Oral, Semivowel.
SPANISH: [y-] Voiced, fronto-palatal, Oral, Fricative.
[w-] Voiced, Bilabial dorso-velar, Oral, [dz] Voiced, Fronto-palatal, Oral,
Semiconsonant Africate
[j-] Semiconsonant , Oral, Fronto palatal,
[-u] Voiced, Bilabial dorso-velar, Oral, Semivowel Voiced
[gw] Voiced, Bilabial dorso-velar, Oral,
ENGLISH:
Semiconsonant
[g] cold [j] Voiced, Fronto-palatal, Oral,
ENGLISH: Semiconsonant
[w-] Voiced, Bilabial dorso-velar, Oral, [y] Voiced, Fronto-palatal
Semiconsonant Oral, Fricative
[-u] Voiced , Bilabial dorso- velar, Oral, Semivowel [-i] Voiced , Fronto-palatal, Oral,
Semivowel

46. R-PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
ENGLISH, it /ɹ/ is voiced,
SPAINISH /ɾ/ is voiced,apico-
DESPITE THE FACT WE MAY apico
alveolar,oral,flap or tap.it
REFER TO R-SOUNDS IN postalveolar,oral,approxim
BOTH LANGUAGES, SPANISH has the following variants:
ant,reflex and it has the
AND ENGLISH USE [ɾ] voiced,apico-
following possibilities: [ɹ]
DIFFERENT PHONOLOGICAL alveolar,oral,flap;[ŗ]
voiced, apico-
SYMBOLS WHICH IMPLIES voiceless, apico-
DIFFERENT MANNERS OF postalveolar,oral,retroflex,
alveolar,oral,flap; [ŗ]
PRODUCING THEM IN semiconsonant,[ɹ]
voiced, apico-
SPANISH AND ENGLISH voiceless, apico-
dental.oral.fap.
postalveolar,oral,retroflex.

47. PHONOLOGICAL
PROCESSES IN
CONNECTED SPEECH
CONNECTED SPEECH HAVE
TO DO WITH THE
CHANGES IN
PRONUNCIATION
THESE PROCESSES OF CONNECTED IT OCCURS BECAUSE LEARNERS OF
DEPEND ON THE FORMALITY OR FOREIGN LANGUAGES TRY TO
INFORMALITY OF THE SITUATION, PRONUNCE EACH SINGLE WORD.
THE RATE OF SPEAKING, DIALECTS
AND IDIOLECT THIS CAUSES THE LANGUAGE TO BE
CHOPPED.