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Chapter2
- 1. Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2
- 19. How Neurotransmitters Influence Us? Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press
- 20. Dopamine Pathways Dopamine pathways are involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press
- 23. Agonists
- 24. Antagonists
- 25. Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- 34. Central Nervous System The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Simple Reflex
- 35. Central Nervous System The Brain and Neural Networks Complex Neural Network Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience.
- 36. The Endocrine System The Endocrine System is the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands.
- 38. Pituitary Gland Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.
- 39. Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands Regulate metabolic and calcium rate.
- 40. Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism.
- 41. Gonads Sex glands are located in different places in men and women. They regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.
- 45. PET Scan PET (positron emission tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task. Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories
- 46. MRI Scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. Top images show ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a participants lies. Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations
- 61. Language Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).
- 68. Try This! Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand, simultaneously. BBC
- 69. Non-Split Brains People with intact brains also show left-right hemispheric differences in mental abilities. A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing a perceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic task.
Notas del editor
- OBJECTIVE 1 | Explain why psychologists are concerned with human biology, and describe the ill-fated phrenology theory.
- OBJECTIVE 2 | Explain how viewing each person as a biopsychosocial system helps us understand human behavior, and discuss why researchers study other animals in search of clues to human neural processes.
- OBJECTIVE 3 | Describe parts of a neuron and explain how its impulses are generated.
- OBJECTIVE 4 | Describe how nerve cells communicate. Synapse was coined by Lord Sherrington (1857-1952) who inferred it through behavioral experiments. Cajal (1852-1934) described the synapse based on his anatomical studies of the brain.
- OBJECTIVE 5 | Describe how neurotransmitters affect behavior and outline the effects of acetylcholine and endorphins.
- OBJECTIVE 6 | Explain how drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmission, and describe the contrasting effects of agonists and antagonists.
- OBJECTIVE 7 | Describe the nervous system’s two major divisions, and identify the tree types of neurons that transmit information through the system.
- OBJECTIVE 8 | Identify the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system, and describe their functions.
- OBJECTIVE 9 | Contrast the simplicity of the reflex pathways with the complexity of neural networks.
- OBJECTIVE 10 | Describe the nature and functions of the endocrine system and its interaction with the nervous system.
- OBJECTIVE 11 | Describe several techniques for studying the brain.
- OBJECTIVE 12 | Describe the components of the brainstem and summarize the functions of the brainstem, thalamus and cerebellum.
- OBJECTIVE 13 | Describe the structures and functions of the limbic system, and explain how one of these structures controls the pituitary gland.
- OBJECTIVE 14 | Define cerebral cortex and explain its importance fro the human brain.
- OBJECTIVE 15 | Identify the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.
- OBJECTIVE 16 | Summarize some of the findings on the functions of the motor cortex and the sensory cortex, and discuss the importance of the association areas.
- OBJECTIVE 17 | Describe the five brain areas that would be involved if you read this sentence aloud.
- OBJECTIVE 18 | Discuss brain’s plasticity following injury or illness.
- OBJECTIVE 19 | Describe split-brain research, and explain how it helps us to understand the functions of our left and right hemispheres.
- OBJECTIVE 20 | Discuss the relationship among brain organization, handedness, and mortality.