2. The Holocaust

3. By 1945 2 out of every 3 European Jews had been killed In 1933 approximately 9 million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be occupied by Germany during the war.

6. Enemies of the Third Reich: Hitler rants and raves about the Jews cradling their dead sons.

7. Four events that led to the Holocaust The removal of non-Aryans from government jobs. Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht Causes Effect The Holocaust “ Final Solution”

8. Nazi Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1939 Development of political, legal, social, religious, economic, and cultural discrimination against Jews In less than a year after coming to power in 1933, Hitler and the Nazis legally excluded Jews from government and many professions and had instigated a campaign of terror and violence against them

9. German soldiers cutting the beard of an elderly Jew in Poland

10. February 1933 : Nazis begin instituting boycotts against Jewish businesses March 1933 : Interior Minister declares that German police would not protect Jews or their property April 1933 : More boycotts of Jewish businesses. Anti-Jewish rioting and violence. April 1933 : Jewish government positions eliminated. (Judges, clerks, lawyers, etc.) Systematic Discrimination 2,000 Jews killed in 1933 and many placed in concentration camps

11. Dismissal of judges and clerks raised legal issues Hitler sought “legal” answer to the “Jewish problem” April 7 : First of 400 laws began that resulted in destruction of Europe’s Jews First Law: Jews and enemies of state to be removed from Civil Service Second Law : Debarred Jewish Lawyers Third Law : Jews excluded from juries and serving as judges Systematic Discrimination

12. April 22 : Jews prohibited from practicing as physicians, dentists, or dental technicians in gov’t institutions April 1933 : Jews were prohibited from the ritual slaughter of animals April 25 : the number of Jews allowed into German schools reduced May 6 : Jews removed from positions as honorary professors and university lecturers July 26 : Nazis cancelled naturalization of Jews who had become German citizens under the Weimar Republic September 1933 : excluded from entertainment or cultural occupations October 1933 : prohibited from working on German newspapers Fall 1933 : Jews prohibited from inheriting farm property Systematic Discrimination

13. Reports of murder, assassination, and brutality against Jews continued to reach the non-German world No new legislation in 1934 Nazis continued to enforce 1933 laws ever more strictly 1935: Jews prohibited from going to places of entertainment, such as theaters or swimming pools Systematic Discrimination

16. 1937 : Nazis begin policy of forced expulsion of Jews from Germany 1938 : Jews had to report all foreign and domestic property 1938 : Jews prohibited from engaging in various commercial ventures 1938 : Jewish physicians and lawyers were denied the right to practice 1938 : Jewish businesses were transferred to Aryans Jews were required to obtain official identification cards Jews were required to adopt a "Jewish" name as specified by the government Systematic Discrimination

18. New legislation was passed barring Jews from all public places, including schools, and from economic life Nazis would not allow another outburst such as Kristallnacht occur in the future From now on Jews would be handled by a rational bureaucracy, which would develop a smoothly working system of annihilation 1939: Increasing unwillingness on the part of the nations of the world to accept Jewish immigration reached the level of irresponsibility September 21, 1939: Ghettoization of all Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland begins: First step of the “Final Solution” Systematic Discrimination

19. Jews Found Dead in a Polish Ghetto

23. Zyklon B pellets

24. Crematorium

25. Hairbrushes of victims

27. Eyeglasses of victims

29. Family members say goodbye to a child through a fence at a Poland ghetto

30. Two brothers, seated for a family photograph in a Lithuanian ghetto

31. Human remains found in the Dachau concentration camp crematorium after liberation

36. Survivors of Dachau Concentration Camp on liberation day

37. Nazi Medical Experiments on Jews

39. Freezing experiments using prisoners to find an effective treatment for hypothermia

40. Freezing experiments using prisoners to find an effective treatment for hypothermia

41. High-altitude experiments, using a low-pressure chamber, to determine the maximum altitude from which crews of damaged aircraft could parachute to safety

43. Polish Woman’s Leg & Scars Disfiguring scars resulted from incisions made by medical personnel that were purposely infected with bacteria, dirt, and slivers of glass

44. Jewish child is forced to show the scar left after physicians removed his lymph nodes. Injected with tuberculosis germs as part of a medical experiment. He’s later murdered with 20 other children

45. Soviet prisoner of war, victim of a tuberculosis medical experiment

46. Most infamous were the experiments of Josef Mengele at Auschwitz Twin studies He supervised an operation by which two Gypsy children were sewn together to create conjoined twins; the hands of the children became badly infected where the veins had been resected Injected chemicals in eyes in attempt to change color Sterilization Experiments The research intended to establish "Jewish racial inferiority."

50. Did German Civilians Know about Camp Horrors? U.S. medical officers direct German civilians to walk past 30 Jewish women starved to death by SS troops in a 300-mile march across Czechoslovakia. Some Germans claimed no knowledge of the mass murders and concentration camps.

57. “ We all want to get rid of our Jews. The difficulty is that no country wishes to receive them.” Germany’s foreign minister:

58. 3. Why do you think the Nazi system of systematic genocide was so brutally effective? There was no effective opposition in Germany to Hitler’s plan for mass extinction. Nazis propaganda loudly proclaimed that the Germans were a superior race destined to rule the world. At the same time they preached that Jews, Poles and other groups were inferior races. Hitler used the Jews as scapegoats for Germany’s problems following World War I. He stripped them of their rights and then used terror and propaganda to coerce them into giving up their freedom.

61. "Dr. Mengele had always been more interested in Tibi. I am not sure why - perhaps because he was the older twin. Mengele made several operations on Tibi. One surgery on his spine left my brother paralyzed. He could not walk anymore. Then they took out his sexual organs. After the fourth operation, I did not see Tibi anymore. I cannot tell you how I felt. It is impossible to put into words how I felt. They had taken away my father, my mother, my two older brothers - and now, my twin ..."