3. Very short range
Stopped by air, paper or skin
Not a hazard outside the body
A concern when inside the body – cause
intense local ionisation and biological damage
4. Longer range than Alpha
Low energy beta radiation does not penetrate
the skin, but high energy beta can penetrate
soft tissue to a depth of over one cm.
Beta inside the body is a concern, but less
intense than alpha
5. Both electromagnetic radiation
Gamma radiation is emitted continuously by
radioactive decay
X-rays are generated in special electrical equipment
by bombarding a target with electrons
Consequently, an x-ray beam only exists when
machine is on, whereas gamma rays are emitted
continuously
Penetrating power of electromagnetic radiation
depends on its energy and the properties of the matter
through which it passes
X-rays are able to pass through the human body, but
gamma and x-rays can be stopped by lead shielding
6. Emitted during certain nuclear processes such
as nuclear fission
Great penetrating power
Produce ionisation directly and can cause great
harm as they pass through the body
7. Industrial Radiography (e.g. for NDT)
Medical, dental and veterinary x-ray
equipment
Nuclear power generation
8. Ionising radiation is measured in sieverts
(Sv)
Sv include a weighting factor to take into
account differing biological effects of alpha,
beta, gamma and neutron radiation
Exposure is controlled by dose limitation,
which is based on the premise that for
conditions having no safe threshold,
exposure is reduced to a level where
probability of harm is small
9. Nausea and vomiting
Reduction in bodies defences
Reddening of skin
Loss of weight & hair
Blistering and ulceration of skin
Cataracts
Cancer
Genetic defects (affects subsequent
generations)
10. Some effects of ionising radiation are dose
dependent and only occur if dose received is
above certain level:
Radiation sickness, skin burns or cataracts
Other effects are not dose dependent. Any
exposure to radiation may cause the effect.
However, likelihood of harm increases at
higher levels of exposure:
Cancer, Genetic defects
11. Film badges (personal)
Ionisation chamber
Geiger counter
Personal air samplers
Analysis of faecal and urine samples
12. Based on 3 principles:
Shielding
Distance
Reduced time exposure
Shielding is best method as it reduces risk
positively. Distance and reduced time
exposure are administrative controls which
require considerable supervisory control
13. Shielding
Containment
Ventilation
Glove boxes or fume hoods
Under negative pressure
14. Restricted access
IRR99 require designation of:
Controlled areas (dose is likely to exceed three tenths of
dose limit)
Classified persons (personal exposure likely to exceed
three tenths of dose limit)
Supervised areas (dose likely to exceed one tenth of
dose limit)
Systems of work
Permit to work reduces time exposure
15. PPE
Gloves, overalls, eye protection, RPE etc.
Local Rules:
Hazard assessment
Contingency plans
Radiation protection advisor
Monitoring procedures etc. etc.
16. Employer must ensure that employees (18 and above),
trainees (less than 18), women of reproductive
capacity and other persons are not exposed to ionising
radiation to an extent that exceeds annual dose limits
in Schedule to Regulations
Requirement to restrict exposure sfairp includes:
Proper maintenance, examination and test of
engineering controls, design features, safety
features or warning devices
Provision concerning pregnant or breast feeding
women
17. Definition:
Someone likely to receive radiation dose of more
than 3/10ths of any relevant dose limit
Someone likely to receive effective dose of more than
6mSv per year
Must be over 18 years old
Certified as fit for the work by appointed doctor or
Employment Medical Advisor
Someone who may enter a “controlled” area
18. Specific Arrangements:
Dosimeters/film badges to measure exposure
Assessment of significant doses
Use of approved dosimetry service
Provide health surveillance
Keep records of doses/health checks etc.