1. The document discusses the history of discoveries in atomic structure from Democritus' theory of atoms to the development of the periodic table by Mendeleev. 2. Key figures mentioned include Dalton, Thomson, Goldstein, Millikan, Rutherford, Bohr, Chadwick, and Mendeleev who each contributed to understanding the structure and properties of atoms. 3. The document describes different types of bonds between atoms including covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.

1. Thanyamon C. 1

2. Thanyamon C. 2
((((((((DemocritusDemocritusDemocritusDemocritusDemocritusDemocritusDemocritusDemocritus))))))))
““““
((((atom)atom)atom)atom) ““““
"""" "("("("(atom)atom)atom)atom) atomasatomasatomasatomas

3. Thanyamon C. 3
((((Sir John Dalton)Sir John Dalton)Sir John Dalton)Sir John Dalton)
““““ ””””
((((ElectrolysisElectrolysisElectrolysisElectrolysis))))

4. Thanyamon C. 4
((((Sir John Dalton)Sir John Dalton)Sir John Dalton)Sir John Dalton) (((( ))))
1.1.1.1.
““““ ””””
2.2.2.2.
3.3.3.3. 1111
----

5. Thanyamon C. 5
((((Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson)
(((( CationCationCationCation ))))

6. Thanyamon C. 6
((((e/me/me/me/m))))
1.761.761.761.76 ////
((((Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson)Sir Joseph John Thomson) (((( ))))
““““ ”””” (electron)(electron)(electron)(electron)

7. Thanyamon C. 7
((((EugenEugenEugenEugen Goldstein)Goldstein)Goldstein)Goldstein)
((((Anion)Anion)Anion)Anion)
““““ ”””” (proton)(proton)(proton)(proton)

8. Thanyamon C. 8
i ii ii ii iææææ ((((Robert A. Milligan)Robert A. Milligan)Robert A. Milligan)Robert A. Milligan)
“ ”
(((( )))) (((( ))))
Proton 1.66 x 10-24 1.6 x 10-19
Electron 9.1 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19

9. Thanyamon C. 9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+

10. Thanyamon C. 10
((((Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford)
((((αααα,,,, ))))
•
•
•

11. Thanyamon C. 11
((((Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford)Lord Ernest Rutherford) (((( ))))
•
•
•

12. Thanyamon C. 12
++
++
-
-
-
-

13. Thanyamon C. 13
((((NielsNielsNielsNiels Bohr)Bohr)Bohr)Bohr)
K (K shell)K (K shell)K (K shell)K (K shell)
L M NL M NL M NL M N …………
nnnn
1 2 31 2 31 2 31 2 3 …………
KKKK LLLL MMMMNNNNOOOOPPPPQQQQ777766665555 4444 3333 2222 1111

14. Thanyamon C. 14

15. Thanyamon C. 15
((((Sir James ChadwickSir James ChadwickSir James ChadwickSir James Chadwick))))
((((αααα))))
((((Neutron)Neutron)Neutron)Neutron)

16. Thanyamon C. 16
HydrogenHydrogenHydrogenHydrogen
HeliumHeliumHeliumHelium
LithiumLithiumLithiumLithium
BerylliumBerylliumBerylliumBeryllium
BoronBoronBoronBoron
CarbonCarbonCarbonCarbon
NitrogenNitrogenNitrogenNitrogen
OxygenOxygenOxygenOxygen
HHHH
HeHeHeHe
LiLiLiLi
BeBeBeBe
BBBB
CCCC
NNNN
OOOO
1111
2222
3333
4444
5555
6666
7777
8888
----
2222
4444
5555
6666
6666
7777
8888
1111
2222
3333
4444
5555
6666
7777
8888

17. Thanyamon C. 17
XXXX
AAAA
ZZZZ
((((Atomic mass)Atomic mass)Atomic mass)Atomic mass) AAAA
((((Atomic number)Atomic number)Atomic number)Atomic number) ZZZZ

18. Thanyamon C. 18
IsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopes
1 21 21 21 2
6666CCCC 1 31 31 31 3
6666CCCC
IsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotonesIsotones
1 21 21 21 2
6666CCCC 1 11 11 11 1
5555 BBBB
IsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobarsIsobars
1 21 21 21 2
6666CCCC 1 21 21 21 2
5555 BBBB
(((( ))))
==== ----
(((( )))) PPPP++++ = e= e= e= e----

19. Thanyamon C. 19
nnnn
n = 1n = 1n = 1n = 1 eeee---- 2222
n = 2n = 2n = 2n = 2 eeee---- 8888
n = 3n = 3n = 3n = 3 eeee---- 18181818
eeee----
2n2n2n2n2n2n2n2n22222222
KKKK LLLL MMMMNNNNOOOOPPPPQQQQ777766665555 4444 3333 2222 1111
Valence electronValence electronValence electronValence electron

20. Thanyamon C. 20
((((DmitriDmitriDmitriDmitri IvanovichIvanovichIvanovichIvanovich Mendeleev)Mendeleev)Mendeleev)Mendeleev)
((((periodic table)periodic table)periodic table)periodic table)

21. Thanyamon C. 21

22. Thanyamon C. 22
AAAA
BBBB

23. Thanyamon C. 23
!!!!!!!!!!!!
.... .... ....
1.1.1.1. FFFF ClClClCl BrBrBrBr
2.2.2.2. Na Al PNa Al PNa Al PNa Al P
3.3.3.3. K P OK P OK P OK P O
....
....
....

24. Thanyamon C. 24
!!!!!!!!!!!!
1.1.1.1. CsCsCsCs
2.2.2.2. CCCC
3.3.3.3. IIII
4.4.4.4. KrKrKrKr
5.5.5.5. XeXeXeXe
6.6.6.6. PbPbPbPb
1.1.1.1.
2.2.2.2.
3.3.3.3.
4.4.4.4.
5.5.5.5.
6.6.6.6.

25. Thanyamon C. 25
2222 8888 18181818 32323232
““““ ””””

26. Thanyamon C. 26
CaCaCaCa 20202020
2222 8888 8888 2222
2222 4444
InInInIn 49494949
2222 8888 18181818 18181818 3333
3333 5555

27. Thanyamon C. 27
!!!!!!!!!!!!
XXXX 35353535
2222 8888 18181818 7777
7777 4444
YYYY 87878787
2222 8888 18181818 32323232 18181818 8888 1111
1111 7777
ZZZZ 6666 5555
2222 8888 18181818 18181818 6666

28. Thanyamon C. 28
!!!!!!!!!!!!
60606060 2222 8888 18181818 32323232
60606060 2222 8888 18181818 18181818
2222 8888 18181818 32323232 60606060

29. Thanyamon C. 29
((((Transition)Transition)Transition)Transition)
(((( HgHgHgHg ))))
((((KKKKMnMnMnMnOOOO4444)))) ,,,, MnMnMnMnOOOO2222 ,,,,
MnMnMnMnClClClCl2222

30. Thanyamon C. 30
!!!!!!!! (((( ))))
eeee---- (((( eeee----
)))) ““““ 1,1,1,1,
2222 3333 eeee---- 8888 ““““
eeee----
8888
(((( 8888))))

31. Thanyamon C. 31

32. Thanyamon C. 32

33. Thanyamon C. 33
eeee---- pppp++++
““““ ””””

34. Thanyamon C. 34
((((Covalent bond)Covalent bond)Covalent bond)Covalent bond)
––––
(((( eeee---- ))))
(((( ))))
88883333

35. Thanyamon C. 35

36. Thanyamon C. 36

37. Thanyamon C. 37
((((Ionic bond)Ionic bond)Ionic bond)Ionic bond)
––––
eeee----
eeee---- eeee----
ionionionion
eeee---- (((( )))) ion +ion +ion +ion +
eeee---- (((( )))) ionionionion ––––

38. Thanyamon C. 38
((((Ionic bond)Ionic bond)Ionic bond)Ionic bond) (((( ))))
ion +ion +ion +ion + ionionionion ––––
eeee----
NaNaNaNa++++ ClClClCl----

39. Thanyamon C. 39
((((Ionic bond)Ionic bond)Ionic bond)Ionic bond)

40. Thanyamon C. 40
((((Metallic bond)Metallic bond)Metallic bond)Metallic bond)
––––
++++ eeee----
eeee----

41. Thanyamon C. 41
((((Metallic bond)Metallic bond)Metallic bond)Metallic bond)

42. Thanyamon C. 42
(((( ))))
3333

43. Thanyamon C. 43