2. The influence of...8 factors... on the
health status of developing countries
and Australia
Influence of:
income
gender equality
peace
education
access to healthcare
political stability
global marketing
physical environments
3. Influence of income p.278
Income has a significant on the impact on health
status
Impact can be felt on 2 levels
- Individual & family income
- Income of the country itself
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
If a country is not able to make a significant profit
through trade then it can place a great deal of
pressure on government resources
4. Impact of income
A country’s income may need to be divided between
military expenses and repaying debt among other
things
It leaves little money left to spend on resources such as
healthcare, education, infrastructure, clean water
and sanitation
Poverty line: A measure of the of the minimum level
of income required to cover the basic cost of living and
achieve an adequate standard of living
Global Financial Crisis impact- collapse of global trade
- 53 million more people could be trapped in poverty as
economic growth slows around the world
5. Impact of income
According to the World Bank 1.4 billion people in
developing countries (equals to 1 in 4) live below poverty
line (earn less than US$1.25 per day)
Living in poverty is much more than just a lack of
money
Poverty = poor health, missed education, increased
violence, insecurity, discrimination.
Poverty = lack of basic human requirements such as
food, clean water, healthcare & education.
Few opportunities & choices to improve their situation
– Human Development and Health negatively impacted
The cycle of poverty and the deprivation that results, is
very difficult to break
7. There is a direct link between lack of
income, poverty and ill health
Poverty = low levels of nutrition, education & healthcare
Being unhealthy traps people in poverty. Why??
In Australia there are many families living in poverty for
reasons such as - low wages, unemployment, being sole-
parent or disability, indigenous populations
8. Explain how the income of an individual and the income of the country contribute to
differences in health between Australia and developing countries.
Australia Developing countries
• Low rates of unemployment
increases the income of many
individuals, which increases the
options available in relation to
healthcare, access to food and
shelter improving health status.
• Higher GDP for the country
increases the money available to
spend on healthcare and
education.
• Higher GDP also increases the
money available for social security
to support individuals with lower
incomes improving choice, access
to healthcare and improving health
status.
• No social security reduces the income of individuals
and families, which contributes to poverty.
• Poverty leads to lower literacy rates, which
contribute to poverty – people are less likely to be
able to break the poverty cycle.
• Low GDP means less money is spent by
governments of health and education contributing to
poverty within these countries.
• Poor infrastructure ↓ access to health services –
poor roads, long queues, removal of wastes, transport
• Low incomes reduces choices.
• Low incomes increase malnutrition.
• Low income countries are associated with reduced
access to safe water and sanitation, education,
healthcare and social security. As a result they have
low immunisation rates, low literacy rates, high infant
and maternal mortality rates – ↓ health status.
Explain how the income of an individual and the income of
the country contribute to differences in health and Human
development between Australia and developing countries.
9.
10. Purchasing power parity (PPP) –
a method of measuring purchasing power of currencies
of different countries across the same types of goods and
services, which allows more accurate comparisons of
standards of living.
Direct link between lack of income, poverty and ill health
Poverty is a major cause of ill health
Those who live in poverty have lower levels of nutrition,
education, healthcare and medication, increased risk of
infectious diseases, inadequate shelter - ↑injury,
morbidity and mortality
11. Case Study
Than lived in a small slum dwelling in Vietnam with his family. They
had no safe water supply and shared a toilet with five other families.
Than worked hard every day collecting scrap metal to sell to provide
and income for his family. One day he felt so sick; he couldn’t eat or go
to work. After two days he went to the doctor and was told he needed
antibiotics for two weeks. Than could only afford the medicine for one
week, but he felt better anyway and so returned to work after three days
of medication. He had no choice as his family had nothing to eat.
Another week passed and Than started to fell sick again, but he couldn’t
afford to go to the doctor or pay for more antibiotics as he hadn’t earned
enough money in the last week.
Identify 3 factors that could have contributed to Thans lack of
income?
List 4 effects of low income on Than and his family
What are the long-term effects on Than’s health if this cycle
continues?
12. Gender Equality –
must remember this!!
Means - Men and women have equal opportunities to
realise their potential, contribute to their country and
benefit equally from their participation in their
community.
Gender inequality – men and women treated differently and
have different expectations placed on them because of their
sex.
Of the 1.3 billion poorest, only 30% are male
Women comprise of 1/2 the worlds population, perform
2/3rds of its work, receive only 1/10th of its income and own
less than 1/100th of world assets’ (UN 1985)
13. Influence of gender equality p.279
In Australia females
experience most of the same
opportunities as males
The status & treatment of
women in many developing
countries lags behind that of
men
... including: access to
education, income,
employment and legal
rights, fewer opportunities
in life, denied access to
resources that will keep
their families and
themselves healthy
14. Gender inequality
In developing countries being born a female is a
definite disadvantage throughout the lifespan
Are given less food
Are provide with medical treatment less frequently
Attend school for short periods of time; if given the
opportunity to attend school at all
Forced into marriage at a much earlier age
Shoulder most of the responsibility for child-rearing and
work in rural areas particularly
15. Influence of gender equality
The birth of a boy is
celebrated, while birth of a girl is
considered a
disappointment, which may lead
to feelings of guilt in the mother
Women & children are always
busy with many responsibilities;
collecting water for
drinking, cooking and washing.
Nearest source of water is a long
way from home & is a long &
exhausting task
Many domestic duties leave little
time for children, especially for
girls to attend school
Girls often earn a living by the age
of 10, & are expected to work 12-
16 hours a day
16.
17. Women tend to feeding their
husbands and sons first, in times
of shortages this increases the
likelihood of females being
malnourished
Women are often financially
dependent, lack freedom
More difficult to get paid work
Women tend to marry young &
give birth to many children
Reasons for having a large
family:
cultural barriers to family planning,
large proportion of children die
under the age of 5, children
viewed as a form of social security,
more children = more people to
work for the family to provide food
18. Influence of gender equality
Women have fewer protected rights and suffer
varying forms of social, political, cultural and
economic discrimination
Many women face a life time of violence &
exploitation
Gender inequality in households, workplaces &
communities can foster permissive violence, making
violence common & accepted in many communities
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) found in
India that 16% of all deaths among pregnant
women were due to partner violence
19. Violence has obvious implications: chronic
pain, genital bruising & broken bones
It also has social, emotional and psychological implications
Violence against women remains a serious yet challenging
issue due to many cultural barriers
The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is used by
the UN as apart of the Human Development Index to
measure gender equality- it is based in 3 dimensions of
empowerment:
- Economic participation & decision making
- Political participation & decision making
- Power over economic resources
20. Adult Roles
Many children in developing countries grow up too
quickly
Females are particularly expected to fulfill adult tasks
Tasks include: looking after siblings, taking
responsibilities for earning part of family income,
domestic chores...
21. Adult Roles - marriage
Each year in developing countries many girls under
the age of 18 are married See page 293 Figure 10.7
Forced to assume the adult roles such as:
sex, motherhood, household duties etc.
Marriage can put an end to educational opportunities
It also traps women who have few rights in life of domestic &
sexual compliance
Early marriage can have a devastating impact on girls physical
health and development
Pregnancy and childbirth carry an increased risk of infant
mortality
It may cause devastating physical damage on the body of the
young girl whose body is not yet developed
Girls who give birth under 15 years of age are 5 times more
likely to die in childbirth than women in their 20’s (MMR)
Child Brides – View Youtube clip
23. Adult Roles - Child Labour
Many girls aged 15 – 17 in
developing are involved in child labour
Dangerous conditions
Results in injury, disability, or death
Very labour intensive work can affect
health and development
Forced into paid work denies many
girls of an education & opportunity
to have a childhood
All which have an impact on their health
and development at various stages
throughout their lives
24. Exploitation
Trafficking children is a serious concern in
developing countries
Some children are forcibly abducted,
tricked and some allow themselves to be
trafficked in order to make money
After or during times of conflict or
natural disaster (children separated
from family and/or orphaned) there is an
increased risk of exploitation
Many children are forced into sex work,
hazardous labour or domestic service
Removed from family & community =
isolation & vulnerability
Exploited children are often malnourished,
suffer physical abuse & punishment, are at
extreme risk of sexual abuse
25. But What if Gender Equality Existed??
What could happen??
Dare to think...gender equality – View YouTube clip
26. The Girl Effect
The power of Girls …. The unexpected solution..
Girl effect 1 – View YouTube clip
27. Girl Effect
The girl effect is about leveraging the unique potential
of adolescent girls to end poverty for themselves, their
families, their communities, their countries and the
world...
Girl Effect 2 – View YouTube clip
28. Write statements to explain..
1. The impact of gender equality in Developing Countries
Health
Human Development
Health Status
1. The impact of gender equality in Developed Countries
such as Australia
Health
Human Development
Health Status
29. a) Identify some key issues relating to the inequality faced by girls in developing
countries.
b) Discuss how these issues contribute to differences in the health of girls in Australia
compared to developing countries.
Key issues relating to the
inequality of girls
How these issues contribute to differences in
the health of girls in Australia compared to
developing countries
Early marriage
As a result of poverty many girls are forced into
marriage at a very young age. As a result they
have babies at a young age, and in quick
succession, which increases the rate of infant and
maternal and infant mortality in developing
countries. However if gender equality exists, as
it does in Australia, girls can be educated and
marry at an older age and have less children
increasing the health and life expectancy of both
mother and child due to improved nutrition and
health knowledge thus decreasing Maternal
Mortality, U5MR and infant mortality.
Exploitation
Due to poverty and conflict girls are at risk of
being trafficked, forced into prostitution or child
labour, leading to malnutrition, abuse and violence
↑ injury, mortality and morbidity. If gender
30. Gender equality
Key issues relating to the
inequality of girls
How these issues contribute to differences in
the health of girls in Australia compared to
developing countries
Less likely to be educated
Due to culture, household tasks and poverty
females are less likely to be educated than males,
which will contribute to exhaustion, injury,
malnutrition in females, especially during
pregnancy ↑ maternal & infant mortality. . If
gender equality exists, ……..
Employment / adult roles
As a result of poverty, lack of education and role in
family women and female children are busy
helping the family to survive – collecting water,
washing cooking etc. This leads to health
problems such as chronic exhaustion. Lack of
work life balance, sociocultural attitudes, fewer
rights, child birth women in DC do not have the
same access to employment as men.
Lack of education -> unskilled labour – low pay
and poor working conditions ↑ injury ↓ health. . If
gender equality exists, ……..
DVD – poverty’s women
Gender equality
