2. Introduction
• The purpose of this research project was to
discover how and why the NCAA was
formulated
• It was also to assess the NCAA’s role in higher
education and student learning
• The overall goal was to determine if
continuing education is the main goal of the
NCAA or success in athletics
3. Literature Review
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Flowers, R. D. (2009). Institutionalized hypocrisy. American Education Journal, 36 (2), 343-360. Retrieved from:
http://corvette.salemstate.edu:2561/ehost/detail?vid=3&sid=018dbae4-fae6-46e8-84dab458fa11650f%40sessionmgr198&hid=118&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCxjcGlkJmN1c3RpZD1zc2Mmc2l
0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#db=ehh&AN=44459598
Meyer, S. K. (2005). NCAA Academic Reforms: Maintaining the Balance Between Academics and Athletics. Phi
Kappa Phi Forum, 85(3), 15-18. Retrieved From:
http://corvette.salemstate.edu:2561/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=63967885-2c62-47aa-96dcf18fd381ec8f%40sessionmgr111&vid=4&hid=118
NCAA. (2012, August 13). NCAA history. Retrieved from
http://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/About the NCAA/History
Petr, T, A., & McArdle, J, J. (2012). Academic Research and Reform: A History of the Empirical Basis for NCAA
Academic Policy, Jounral Of intercollegiate Sport, 5(1), 27-40. Retrieved From:
http://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/2c4852804c98aa058841bc7c2d0d15b8/Academic_Research_Reform_His
tory_of_Empirical_Basis_for_NCAA_Academic_Policy_Petr.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=2c4852804c98aa058841
bc7c2d0d15b8
Pickeral, R. (n.d.). Unc probe reveals academic fraud. (2012). ESPN.com, Retrieved from
http://espn.go.com/college-sports/story/_/id/8765672/north-carolina-tar-heels-investigation-reveals-academicscandal-african-american-studies-department
Rudolph, F. (1990). The american college and university: A history. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press.
Smith, R. (2000). A brief history of the national collegiate athletic association's role in regulating intercollegiate
athletics. Marquette Sports Law Review, 11(1), Retrieved from
http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=sportslaw
4. Literature Review
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Flowers
– This is an article written by Ronald Flowers of Eastern Michigan. The primary reason for this
article is to help me frame collegiate sport before the creation of the NCAA. This article will
also help me frame the athletic mission of higher education, and help provide the higher
education perspective of athletics.
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Meyer
– Help me in providing some current information on the educational restrictions for athletes
participating in the NCAA currently and how those have changed.
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NCAA
– This site is the website for the NCAA. Although I do not plan on taking too much from the
website, I do want to reference it because I will be using it to gain initial knowledge of the
NCAA and what some of its goals and missions are today.
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Petr
– This article helps provide even more insight into the academic reform of the NCAA. The article
breaks down the NCAA academic reform and also establishes all the reasons why decisions
were made throughout history. It helps provide historical context for all decisions made by
the NCAA.
5. Literature Review
• Pickeral
– Provides me with a specific story of academic fraud in the NCAA and how it
was handled and dealt with considering the circumstances.
• Rudolph
– This is the book that was given to us in class. The chapter on football in higher
education has helped me in framing collegiate athletics before the creation of
the NCAA. This book also provides information on the Theodore Roosevelt
conversations and meetings that happened in order to begin the idea of
establishing the NCAA.
• Smith
– This article discusses a reaction the keynote address by Michael Oriard. The
author talks about the main points brought up by Oriard and how they relate
to the NCAA now. He also discusses the role that students, staff, and faculty
should play on the college campus in terms of the NCAA academic reform.
6. Findings
• National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
• Created in 1906
• To protect student from,
– Physical harm of sports
– Exploitation of college athletics
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The Beginning of College Athletics
Began as early as colonial America
Institutions used sports to educate students about the catholic faith
Students could learn the Catholic Social Order through sports by
– Strict discipline
– Repetition of movement
7. Research Findings
• At first college athletics was only in house
• By the mid nineteenth century colleges used the railroad to
compete against other schools
• Collegiate sports went from intra-competition to inter-competition
• First sport to spread throughout the region was crew
• Sports become commercialized
• James Elkins offered to bring both crew teams to Lake
Winnipesaukee for free to compete
– 1,000 spectators present
• Elkins takes Yale and College Union Regatta to Lake Quinsigamond
to compete
– 20,000 spectators
8. Research Findings
• Commercialization drives winning for more
money
• Business venture helped keep athletics afloat
because lack of financial resources
• With new desire to win college officials take more
notice of sports
• Still believe sports are bad for higher
education, want them removed
• Public support and money from spectators keeps
athletics happening
9. Research Findings
• Unethical decision making from students and
staff
– No recruiting policy, anyone can play
– Students suggest ultimatum to play
• Pay my bills or I don’t play anymore
– Illegal gambling surrounding college sports
– Many injuries due to lack of safety and
equipment
10. Research Findings
• College sports continues to be very violent
• 18 men died playing football in 1905
• Bob Maxwell, a player for Swarthmore College had to leave
a game because he was hit so many times
• On October 9, 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt holds a
Whitehouse meeting in an effort to clean up the game
• In response to President Roosevelt’s request, Henry
MacCracken brought together 62 different higher education
institutions together
• Formed the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the
United States or IAAUS
• Changed name to NCAA in 1910
11. Research Findings
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First real move was a fail
In 1948, the NCAA tried to establish rules on recruitment
Established the Sanity Code to get rid of exploitive recruitment practices
Established the Constitutional Compliance Committee to uphold the code
Only sanction the committee could use was expulsion from the NCAA
Deemed to be too harsh and was never used
Committee and Sanity Code fail
1951 repeal Sanity Code and replace Constitutional Compliance
Committee with the Committee on Infractions
• First Real Success
• Committee on Infractions could implement different penalties for certain
situations, NCAA’s first real power
• First TV contract values at 1 million dollars provides financial resources for
NCAA to make some significant change
12. Research Findings
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NCAA and Education
From 1906 to 1980 there was little to no research performed on education and
sports
It wasn’t until 1960 that the NCAA established a GPA requirement to play sports
– GPA=1.6
– Academic scandals and push from country to better higher education causes NCAA
to act
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The NCAA introduced Proposition 48
– Students must have
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2.00 GPA in high school
Minimum of a 700 on their SAT’s
Minimum of a 15 on their ACT’s
Many people believe that Proposition 48 did not have research backing to support
it
The NCAA finally takes real steps to solve education problem
– 1991 mandated tutors for all athletes
– Counseling and career services added
– Now all services that are deemed necessary or appropriate for athletes is provided
13. Research Findings
• Education Currently
• The Academic Performance Program (APP) is a
program that rewards college programs who excel in
their academics
• The Academic Progress Rate (APR) is a program which
tracks the academic performance of a certain
institution throughout history
• The 40/60/80 plan is implemented by the NCAA
• Once a student declares a major
– 40 percent of classes must be done starting year 3
– 60 percent of classes must be done starting year 4
– 80 percent of classes must be done starting year 5
14. Conclusion
• There is no magic cure to solve all of the academic
problems of collegiate sports
• The NCAA has lost its initial goal of student first
• The NCAA needs to re-image itself to represent
education first then success in sports
• The NCAA currently is financially driven and continues
to gain scrutiny from public because of this
• The NCAA needs to work with coaches and athletic
directors at the institutions to be sure that academic
success is being upheld.
• Right now the NCAA and higher education do not
operate on the same principle goal, education first
