My part of the slide deck from the Integrator Event for the DTC PhD students, 2 Dec 2009. This includes the additional slides I mentioned on the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem.

1. Horizon DTC Integrator Day:The Geospatial Industry Jeremy Morley,Steven Feldman 2nd December 2009

2. Purpose Scope of the geospatial industry Exciting opportunities at the bleeding edge Most projects have some geo What’s the geography, be it explicit or implicit, in your projects?

3. Programme 2 – 3pm Isn’t there geo in everything? 3 – 3.15pm Break 3.15 – 3.50pm Spatial is special 3.50 – 4pm Break 4 – 4:40pm Geofutures (& why spatial isn’t special) 4.40 – 5pm Wrap-up

4. Your words

5. Geo in 2010(1 hour) The industry now Geospatial without the degree My maps GeoCommons Google Earth Breakout: “where’s the geo in our projects?”

7. Geocommons – screen-scraping university locations to a map

9. mgr = new MarkerManager(map); var lat = parseFloat(57.1650804282195); varlng = parseFloat(-2.09906504822913); var point = new GLatLng(lat,lng); array_points[1] = []; array_points[1]['point'] = point; var html = '<div style="width: 260px; padding-right: 10px"><h3>The University of Aberdeen (A20)</h3>'+ 'University Office<br />' + 'Kingamp;apos;s College<br />' + 'Aberdeen<br />' + 'AB24 3FX<br />' + 't: +44 (0) 1224 273504<br />' + 'e: <a href="mailto:sras@abdn.ac.uk">sras@abdn.ac.uk</a><br />' + 'w: <a href="http://www.abdn.ac.uk/sras" target="_blank">www.abdn.ac.uk/sras</a><br /><br />' + '<a href="/students/choosingcourses/choosinguni/instguide/a/a20">further details</a>'; array_points[1]['description'] = html; array_points[1]['region'] = '11'; array_points[1]['name'] = 'The University of Aberdeen'; array_points[1]['code'] = 'A20’; Javascript source for map, showing one university’s record. We can use the fixed structure to extract the information we want.

10. BEGIN { print "name, latitude, longitude” } match($0,"lat =") { i = match($0 , "[)]" ) lat = substr($0,22,i-22); } match($0,"lng =") { i = match($0 , "[)]" ) lng = substr($0,22,i-22); } { i = match($0,"/H3>") + match($0,"</h3>") if( i > 0 ) { j = match($0,"<H3>") + match($0,"<h3>") name = substr($0,j+4,i-(j+4)) gsub(",","-",name) printf "%s, %s, %s ","amp;quot;" name "amp;quot;", lat, lng } } Unix ‘awk’ script to extract and format the text

11. name, latitude, longitude "The University of Aberdeen (A20)", 57.1650804282195, -2.09906504822913 "University of Abertay Dundee (A30)", 56.4634, -2.9726 "Aberystwyth University (A40)", 52.4147760680295, -4.08403520146778 "ALRA (The Academy of Live and Recorded Arts) (A42)", 51.4551, -0.1730 "Accrington & Rossendale College (A44)", 53.7549, -2.3714 "The College of Agriculture- Food and Rural Enterprise (A45)", 54.6986, -6.2152 "American InterContinental University - London (A50)", 51.5188, -0.1516 "Anglia Ruskin University (A60)", 51.7412476988799, 0.474334439742583 "Anglo European College of Chiropractic (A65)", 50.7262, -1.8243 "Askham Bryan College (A70)", 53.9110, -1.1053 "Aston University- Birmingham (A80)", 52.4860, -1.8895 Comma-separated variables file, ready for import into Geocommons

12. Breakout session –“Where’s the geo in our projects?” Four groups 15mins to work as a group to find geographic dependencies, and analysis, in your projects 20mins: each group has 5mins to give examples of their geographic content

13. Your words Marketing Communications recontextualized social networks and virtual worlds web 2.0 technologies for public engagement and activism ways people divide up and structure information interactive handheld guide innovative solutions in the transport sector spatial cognition learning with technology environmental sensors and location-aware technology

14. Your words

15. Reporting

16. Break!

17. Spatial is special

18. “How to lie with maps” 1 – change the map units

19. Political context Gerrymandering: adjusting political units to favour particular party See: http://www.redistrictinggame.org

20. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem 'the areal units (zonal objects) used in many geographical studies are arbitrary, modifiable, and subject to the whims and fancies of whoever is doing, or did, the aggregating."(Openshaw, 1984 p.3) Openshaw and Taylor's (1979):The results of statistical analysis of data for spatial zones can be varied at will by changing the zonal boundaries.

21. Types of MAUP Scale effect The variation in numerical results that occurs due to the number of zones used in analysis. E.g. tendency towards smoother statistics with larger aggregation areas Zoning effect (Gerrymandering) The variation induced by the choice of units in which to collect data, or to aggregate to. Ecological Fallacy The error in thinking that the results of an aggregated area can be uniquely distributed to constituent parts

22. “How to lie with maps” 2 – extensive versus intensive

23. Examples Some examples here - taken from the work of Dr. Jason Dykes and Prof. David Unwin. Part of Project Argus Using data from the 1991 Population Census for Leicestershire, UK 187 wards of varying size and character http://www.agocg.ac.uk/sosci/casestudies/dykes/dykes.pdf

24. Example – total population

25. Example – population density

26. Types of values We can divide polygon attributes into two types: Spatially intensive True possibly for any part of the area (if the area is homogeneous), e.g. densities, rates, proportions A field value, averaged over the area Spatially extensive True only for the entire area, e.g. total population Integration (summation) of the field over the area Usually misleading – convert to intensive/normalised

27. “How to lie with maps” 3 – change the colouring

28. Choice of classification is critical Equal intervals Quantile

29. Example (from ESRI) – where are the kids?

30. Spatial is special Be careful with spatial reasoning Be careful with map presentation Spatial also special in data structure Spatial representations: Points / lines /polygons (e.g. road map) Topological relationships (e.g. adjacency) Continuous fields (e.g. temperature)

31. Break!

32. Geofutures Geo in 2015

34. Generating ideas Some thinking time (20 mins) What’s the geo problem I’d like solved?, or How does this stuff change my research focus? Or, what’s the geo data I need and don’t have? Reporting: How does this fit my research direction? Could this be part of my feasibility project? Or, what outside interest might incorporate geo ? ACTION: what do I need to do next?

35. GeoVation Awards Program £21,000 to promote and support innovation for social, economic and environmental benefit through the use of geography https://challenge.geovation.org.uk/

36. Purpose Scope of the geospatial industry Exciting opportunities at the bleeding edge Most projects have some geo What’s the geography, be it explicit or implicit, in your projects?

37. Wrap-up What have you learnt? Feedback: has this helped?

38. Further Examples – zoning effects "How to Lie with Maps" by Mark Monmonier(see Chapter 9 (first edition)) Number of televisions Number of households

39. Televisions per household

40. Aggregation Number of TVs Number of h'holds TVs per h'hold

41. Aggregation (2) Number of TVs Number of h'holds TVs per h'hold

42. Aggregation (3) Number of TVs Number of h'holds TVs per h'hold

43. Further examples – ecological fallacy Number of TVs Number of h'holds TVs per h'hold What’s the pattern in the original cells?

44. A consistent disaggregation Number of TVs Number of h'holds

45. Ecological Fallacy Number of TVs Number of h'holds

46. Ecological Fallacy Number of TVs Number of h'holds TVs per h'hold

47. Ecological Fallacy Same aggregated trend from different fine-scale detail.