1. The document discusses traditional and distributed models of innovation such as open innovation, user innovation, and cumulative innovation. 2. It explores the similarities and differences between these models, noting they all involve innovation activities taking place across organizational boundaries. 3. Emerging issues are addressed, like whether firms can truly be open, and how knowledge flows are commercialized and monetized under different innovation modes.

1. Distributed Perspectives on Innovation: Open Innovation, User Innovation and Beyond Joel West blog.OpenInnovation.net San José State University New Forms of Collaborative Production and Innovation Georg-August-Universit ä t G öttingen May 5, 2010

3. What is “Innovation”?

8. Vertically Integrated R&D Research Investigations Development New Products & Services The Market Science & Technology Base Source: Chesbrough (2006)

10. Distributed * Perspectives on Innovation * i.e. O/U/CI

11. Value Network Suppliers Focal Firm Comple- mentors Users Rivals

12. Sources of Innovation X = Sources of Innovation; † limited emphasis Source: West (2009) Focal Firm Suppliers Customers Rivals Vertical integration X User innovation X † X Cumulative innovation X X Open innovation X X X X

18. R&D under Open Innovation Source: Chesbrough (2006) Current Market Internal Technology Base Technology Insourcing New Market Technology Spin-offs External Technology Base Other Firm’s Market Licensing “ Open” innovation strategies

22. Similarities Across O/U/CI

25. Contrasting Modes of Commercialization

26. Innovation Flows Suppliers Focal Firm Comple- mentors Users Rivals Open Innovation User Innovation Cumulative Innovation all forms

27. O/U/CI innovation modes #1-5 Source: West & Bogers (2010) Knowledge leaks between competitors CI-rival Rivalrous Innovators share knowledge CI-share Cooperative Cumulative innovation Others commercialize the firm’s innovations OI-outbound Inside-out Firm commercializes others’ innovations OI-inbound Outside-in Open innovation Firm commercializes own innovations VII Vertically inte-grated innovation Vertical integration Commercialization Path Abbrev. Innovation Mode Research Stream

28. O/U/CI innovation modes #6-9 Self commercialization UI-startup User entrepreneurship Non-commercial diffusion UI-share User sharing Enhances own utility, but not diffused UI-self User self-help By producers UI-input Lead users User innovation Commercialization Path Abbrev. Innovation Mode Research Stream

30. Distinct Commercialization Paths Source: West & Bogers (2010) inside focal firm outside focal firm inside focal firm outside focal firm creation commercialization VII OI-outbound OI-inbound UI-input UI-startup user-generated content crowd sourcing UI-share open science innovation communities free software business ecosystems CI-rival CI-share co-creation

31. Communities

37. Academic Controversies

39. Ambiguous Classifications Some phenomena might be UI, OI or VI Phenomenon It’s UI Not UI User entrepreneurs Users have knowledge VI: integrated firm User generated content Users have knowledge OI: Not solving own problem; often paid Open source “ scratching an itch” OI: “pooled R&D”

42. Emerging Patterns of Practice

47. Conclusions