1. JOFRED M. MARTINEZ, RN

2. 206 BONES IN THE HUMAN BODY
Bone categories:
LONG BONES
SHORT BONES
FLAT BONES
IRREGULAR BONES

3. Proxymal epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
Metaphysis
Articular cartilage
Artery
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Compact bone
Endosteum
Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
Red Bone Marrow
Epiphyseal line

4. Osteocytes
Periosteum
Volkman’s Canal
Blood vessels

6. ENDOCHONDRAL
INTRAMEMBRANOUS

7. RESORPTION
OSTEOGENESIS

8. FRACTURE HEALING OCCURS IN FOUR AREAS

16. THREE MAJOR GROUPS OF MUSCLES

20. THREE BASIC KINDS OF JOINTS

27. 1. Connective tissue lose elasticity and resilience.
2. Muscles lose bulk, tone and strength as amount
of physical activity decreases.
3. Bone resorption takes place more rapidly than
bone growth.
4. Shoulders becomes stooped and narrower.
5. The knees and hips may be flexed when
standing or walking.
6. Posture becomes stooped as the body attempts
to compensate for changes in the center of
gravity.

29. TEST OF SENSATION TEST OF MOVEMENT

30. TEST OF SENSATION TEST OF MOVEMENT

31. TEST OF SENSATION TEST OF MOVEMENT

68. 1. Traction must be continuous to be effective
in reducing and immobilizing fractures.
2. Skeletal traction is never interrupted.
3. Weights are not removed unless intermittent
traction is prescribed.
4. Any factor that might reduce the effective
pull or alter its resultant line of pull must be
eliminated:
• The patient must be in good body alignment
in the center of the bed when traction is
applied.
• Ropes must be unobstructed.

69. • Weights must hang free and not rest on the
bed or floor.
• Knots in the rope or the footplate must not
touch the pulley or the foot of the bed.

92. • Keep the knees apart at all times.
• Put a pillow between the legs when sleeping.
• Never cross the legs when seated.
• Avoid bending forward when seated in a chair.
• Avoid bending forward to pick up an object on
the floor.
• Use a high-seated chair and a raised toilet seat.
• Do not flex the hip to put on clothing such as
pants, stockings, socks or shoes.

202. BMD or BMC that is not more than 1 standard
deviation (SD) below the young adult mean value.
BMD or BMC that lies between 1.0 and 2.5 SD below
the young adult mean value.
BMD or BMC that lies between 1.0 and 2.5 SD below
the young adult mean value.
BMD or BMC more than 2.5 SD below the young
adult mean value and presence of fragility fractures.