Basic navigation for flight planning Navigator Earth Direction Distance Time Altitude Speed

1. NAVIGATION

2. INTEREST
From NAM Flying School-Airport, there will be a specific
object / landmark that we can use to reach the Main Apron.
The same is when we are in a journey with a/c. For
example, we were going to training area, there will be an
iconic landmark to guide us.
The process of going from one place to other place is
called NAVIGATION.
For visual navigation, one of the most important objects
for navigation is a landmark, called CHECKPOINT.

3. NEED
Navigation ability is needed in every flight, since we
go to other place and we need to know how to get
there and come back again.
Remember, if you can’t navigate properly, it could
lead to something called lost position.

4. TOPIC
BASIC
NAVIGATION

5. REVISION
Before flight, we always use navigation for everyday
activities, example: go to school, work, and market.
In flight, we must apply what we know from our everyday
activities. If we want to go to places, we need :
DIRECTION
CHECKPOINT
DISTANCE
TIME
FUEL
ALTITUDE
Navigation is process monitor and controlling A/C from a place
to another place.

6. OBJECTIVE
Define Navigation

7. SCOPE
Basic Navigation
Navigator
Earth
Direction
Distance
Time
Altitude
Speed

8. REFERENCES
The Air Pilot’s Manual vol. 3 : Air Navigation
PHAK chap. 15 : Navigation

9. ANY QUESTION?
SHALL WE CONTINUE?

10. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
NAVIGATOR
Navigation is process monitor and controlling A/C
from a place to another place.
We must realize, as a pilot are navigator, since our
duty to monitor and control the A/C.
As a pilot, to be able to control it correctly, we need to AVIATE.
Then, we need to be able to tell where we are going. So the pilot’s
role is to NAVIGATE.
Last but not least, we must know that a pilot didn’t work alone.
Along way, there must be a contact with another aerodrome, i.e.
Approach, Tower, and Radar. So, we also need to COMMUNICATE.

11. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
NAVIGATOR
AVIATE.
NAVIGATE.
COMMUNICATE.

12. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Earth’s Shape
Oblate spheroid
flattened at the pole
bulge around the equator

13. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Cardinal Heading
N
E
S
W
: 360 / 000
: 090
: 180
: 270

14. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
The nature of a sphere is such that any point on it is exactly like any other
point. There is neither beginning nor ending as far as differentiation of
points is concerned.
We use a system of coordinates to locate positions on the earth by means
of imaginary reference lines.
These lines are known as :
parallels of latitude
meridians of longitude.

15. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Parallel of Latitude
The earth rotates on its north-south
axis, which is terminated by the two
poles.
The equatorial plane is constructed at
the midpoint of this axis.
The particular parallel of latitude
chosen as 30° N, and every point on this
parallel is at 30° N.

16. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Meridian of Longitude
Which is the measurement of this
east-west distance.
Longitude, unlike latitude, has no
natural starting point for numbering.
Longitude is counted east and west
from this meridian through 180°.

17. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Latitude and Longitude
A circle contain 360° of arc
1° of arc
=60’ of arc
1’ of arc
=60” of arc
Example :
41°10’20” N
10°56’10” S
02°09’29” S
21°54’03” W
122°53’03” E
106°08’05” E

18. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Latitude and Longitude

19. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Equator : 0º of Latitude
Pole
90º of Latitude North
90º of Latitude South

20. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Prime Meridian
International Date Line

21. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Generated because of the
molten rock in earth’s core
keep moving and creating
convection flow.
The flow resulted in high
amount of electricity inside
the earth. That caused a
magnetic field around the
earth.

22. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Latitude
Longitude

23. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
JAKARTA
Latitude
6°20’00” S
Longitude
106°08’00”E

24. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
JEDDAH
Latitude
21°54’33” N
Longitude
39°17’28” E

25. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
DISTANCE
Latitude
21°54’33”
6°20’00” +
28° 14’ 33”

26. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
DISTANCE
Longitude
106°08’00”
39°17’28” 66° 50’ 32”

27. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
REVIEW
Calculate Latitude & Longitude difference between 2 point in the earth
X 45º28’01”N 9º10’59”E
Y 22º54’29”S 43º11’47”W

28. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
COURSE
Course is the intended horizontal direction of travel.
HEADING
Heading is the horizontal direction in which an aircraft is pointed.
TRACK
Actual horizontal direction made by the aircraft over the earth.
BEARING
Horizontal direction of one terrestrial point from another.

29. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
True Direction / Heading
The true heading (TH) is the direction in which the nose of the
aircraft points during a flight when measured in degrees
clockwise from true north

30. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Magnetic Direction / Heading
Since the earth magnetic pole (north
magnetic pole is located close to 71°
N latitude, 96° W longitude and is
about 1,300 miles) displaced from
the geographic or true north
pole, there will be slight difference in
heading when we travel near the
pole.

31. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Variation
Variation is the angle between
true north and magnetic north.
Algonic Line
Isogonic line
Rule : West Best, East Least

32. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Variation
Effect of variation to the compass

33. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Deviation
Due to magnetic influences
within an aircraft such as
electrical
circuits, radio, lights, tools, en
gine, and magnetized metal
parts, the compass needle is
frequently deflected from its
normal reading.

34. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Compass Heading
Is a heading which was indicated in compass.
To determine compass heading, a correction for deviation must
be made, since deviation caused some disturbance on the
magnet we have in the compass.

35. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
REVIEW
True
Heading
Variation
Magnetic
Heading
Deviation
Compass
Heading
235º
4ºW
239º
1ºW
240º
076º
13ºE
063º
2ºE
061º
354º
9ºW
003º
4ºE
359º
120º
25ºE
095º
3ºW
098º

36. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Great Circle Earth is a sphere,
Imagine it was cut through it
core.
It will divide the sphere in
perfect half.
The great-circle is the shortest
distance between two points
on the surface of the earth,
measured along the surface
of the sphere.

37. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Great Circle Distance
The earth have spherical shape. A
sphere have circumference 360º of arc.
1º of arc = 60’ of arc
1’ of arc = 60” of arc
A standard unit of distance in navigation
is the Nautical Mile, which is the length
of 1 minute of arc of any Great Circle /
LATITUDE on Earth.
1 nm = 1,852 m = 6,076 feet

38. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Calculating Great Circle Distance
City A located at 6°20’00” S
106°08’00”E
City B located at 2°09’29” S
106°08’05”E
Calculate the distance between city A & B !
Since the Longitude distance very small, it can be DISREGARDED.
6°20’00”
Remember : 1’ of arc = 1 nm
2°09’29” 4°
= 4 x 60 = 240 nm
4°10’31”
10’
= 10 x 1 = 10 nm
31”
= 31/60
=
0,5 nm
250,5 nm

39. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Great Circle Distance

40. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Rhumb Line
Rhumb line is a line
crossing all meridians of
longitude at the same
angle.
In a map, rhumb line
distance will look like
this :

41. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Rhumb Line
In reality the rhumb line will make a
spiral path on its track.
WHY?
Because earth is a sphere, there will
be a gradient of latitude and
longitude as we moved near the
pole.
The gradient will make the angle
that intercept the meridian steeper,
so it seems like spiraling around the
earth.

42. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Calculating Rhumb line distance
Here we can count the rhumb line distance :
Δ longitude x cos (mean Latitude)
City A located at 16°20’00” S
46°08’00”E
City B located at 44°09’29” S 106°08’00”E
Δ longitude = 60 x 60 = 3,600 nm
Mean Latitude
= (16 + 44) /2
= 30
3,600 x cos (30)
= 3,600 x 0.86
= 3,117 nm

43. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Difference between Great
Circle and Rhumb Line

44. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
In celestial navigation, navigators determine the aircraft’s
position by observing the celestial bodies. The apparent position
of these bodies changes with time.
Time is measured by the rotation of the earth and the resulting
apparent motions of the celestial bodies.

45. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
As Earth rotate, sun appears to move from east to west.
The sun travels at a constant rate, covering 360° of arc in 24
hours. The mean sun transits the same meridian twice in 24
hours. The following relationships exists between time and arc:
Time Arc
360° of arc
=
24 hours
15° of arc
=
1 hour

46. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Time Zone
The world is divided into 24
zones, each zone being 15° of
longitude wide.
Since the time is earlier in the
zones west of Greenwich, the
numbers of these zones are plus.
In the zones east of Greenwich, the
numbers are minus because the
time is later.

47. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
GMT
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is used for
most celestial computations.
Also labeled as UTC or Z time.

48. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Local Time
local mean time (LMT) is mean solar
time measured with reference to
the observer’s meridian.
measured from the lower branch of
the observers meridian, westward
through 360°

49. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Time Conversion
Since we can conclude our local time from longitude, we can also count
the conversion of time with this rule :
360° of arc
=
24 hours
15° of arc
=
1 hour
1° of arc
=
4 minutes
15‘ of arc
=
1 minute
1‘ of arc
=
4 seconds
15” of arc
=
1 seconds

50. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Time Conversion
Example : Pangkal Pinang is located at 2°07’59” N 106°07’01”
Calculate the local time according to GMT !
HAHA! PAY ATTENTION!
USE LATITUDE !
USE LONGITUDE
106°=> hours = 106°: 15° = 7 1/15 hours = 7 hours 4 mins
07’=> minutes = 7’ x 4 (sec) =
28 sec
01”=> second = less than 15” can be disregarded
7 hours
4 mins 28 sec

51. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Review
Time conversion :
Calculate the local time of Quito, Ecuador 0º15’00” S / 78º35’33”W
78°
35’
33”
=> hours = 78°: 15° = 5 3/15 hours = 5 hours 12 mins
=> minutes = 35’ x 4 (sec) = 140 sec =
2 mins 20 sec
=> second = 33”/15 x1 (sec) =
2 sec
5 hours 14 mins 22 sec

52. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
ISA
A certain condition where the pressure is calculated at MEAN
SEA LEVEL indicated 1,013.25 hPa (or 29.92 In.Hg) with average
temperature calculated 15ºC or 59ºF.
How could we manage to measure the exact pressure at MSL?
We use Barometer.
Mercury Barometer
Aneroid Barometer

53. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
ALTIMETRY – Aneroid Barometer
mechanism
The altimeter measures the height of the
airplane above a given pressure level.
Since altimeter is a modification from
aneroid barometer, the main component is
also the same. It contain sealed aneroid
wafers which expand and contract with
changes in atmospheric pressure from the
static source.

54. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Types of Altitude
Indicated Altitude
the value of altitude that is displayed on the pressure altimeter.
True Altitude
The vertical distance of the airplane above sea level. The actual altitude.
expressed as feet above mean sea level (MSL).
Absolute Altitude
The vertical distance of an airplane above the terrain, or above ground level
(AGL).
Pressure Altitude (PA)
The height above the standard datum plane (29.92 "Hg and 15 °C) is PA.

55. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Height (QFE), Altitude (QNH) and FL (QNE)
QFE (Q code - Field Elevation ) : Air pressure above an airfield . If an
altimeter was set to QFE, it will indicate HEIGHT above runway level
/ elevation (AGL)
QNH (Q code – nautical height ): Air pressure above local mean sea
level .If an altimeter was set to QNH , it will indicate ALTITUDE above
local Mean Sea Level ( AMSL)
QNE (Q code – Nautical Elevation ): Air pressure above mean sea level
in ISA condition. If an altimeter was set to QNE , it will indicate
ALTITUDE above MSL ISA ( PRESSURE ALTITUDE)

56. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Rule: High to Low, LOOK OUT BELOW

57. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Conversion of 29.92 In.Hg to 1013,2 hPa.
1 inch Hg
= 1,000 feet
1 hPa
= 30 feet
1 inch Hg
= 34 hPa
From hPa to In.Hg.
1020 hPa
=…. In.Hg
Rule of Thumb, always count nearest to 1000, SO :
Take the 20
Get
60
Times
x3
Add
.53
Get
Add
1.13
29.
Get
60
Get
1.13
Result 30.13 Inch Hg

58. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Review
From In.Hg. to hPa
29.41Inch Hg =…. hPa
Take the 41
Subtract 53
Get
12
Get
Divide
:3
Minus
Get
Get
4
Result 996 hPa
12
4
1000

59. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
ISA (International Standard Atmosphere )
A certain condition where the pressure is calculated at MEAN SEA
LEVEL indicated 1,013.25 hPa (or 29.92 In.Hg) with average
temperature calculated 15ºC or 59ºF.
Airspeed is the speed of the aircraft in relation to the air mass
surrounding that aircraft.
It is necessary to know whether we have sufficient dynamic
pressure to create lift, but not enough to cause damage, and
velocity is necessary for navigation.

60. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Pitot-Static System
Accurate airspeed measurement is obtained by means of a pitotstatic system. The system consists of:
1. A tube mounted parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
aircraft in an area that is free of turbulent air generated by
the aircraft
2. A static source that provides still, or undisturbed, air
pressure.

61. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Pitot-Static System
The heart of the airspeed indicator is a
diaphragm that is sensitive to pressure
changes.
it located inside the indicator case and
connected to the ram air source in the pitot
tube.
The indicator case is sealed airtight and
connected to the static pressure source.
The differential pressure created by the
relative effects of the impact and static
pressures on the diaphragm causes it to
expand or contract.
As the speed of the aircraft increases, the
impact pressure increases, causing the
diaphragm to expand. Through mechanical
linkage, the expansion is displayed as an
increase in airspeed.

62. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Indicated airspeed (IAS)
IAS is the uncorrected reading taken from the face of the
indicator.
It is the airspeed that the instrument shows on the dial.

63. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Basic airspeed (BAS)
Basic airspeed (BAS) is the IAS corrected for instrument error.
Each airspeed indicator has its own characteristics that cause it
to differ from any other airspeed indicator.
These differences may be caused by slightly different hairspring
tensions, flexibility of the diaphragm, accuracy of the scale
markings, or even the effect of temperature.
It is considered negligible or is accounted for in technical order
tables and graphs.

64. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is basic airspeed corrected for pitotstatic error or attitude of the aircraft. This can be called position
error.
As the flight attitude of the aircraft changes, the pressure at the
static inlets changes. This is caused by the airstream striking the
inlet at an angle.
Different types and locations of installations cause different
errors.
Can also called Rectified Airspeed (RAS)

65. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)
Equivalent airspeed is CAS corrected for compressibility error.
Compressibility becomes noticeable when the airspeed is great
enough to create an impact pressure that causes the air
molecules to be compressed within the impact chamber of the
pitot tube.
Since the speed of piston engine aircraft is slightly far from
reaching Mach speed, the EAS can be regarded the same with
IAS.

66. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
True Airspeed (TAS)
TAS is equivalent airspeed that has been corrected for pressure
altitude (PA) and true air temperature (TAT) this called density
error.
How to calculate TAS?
RULE OF THUMB :
TAS = IAS ( 1+Altitude/1000 ft x 2%)
TAS = EAS √ρ̥ /ρ
Effect of TAS with altitude?

67. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Ground Speed (GS)
The actual speed of the airplane over the ground. It is true
airspeed adjusted for wind. Groundspeed decreases with a
headwind, and increases with a tailwind.

68. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Effect of Altitude with speed (TAS)
Calculate TAS !
IAS = 150 knots
Altitude = 10,000 feet
TAS = IAS ( 1 + altitude/1,000 x 2%)
TAS = 150 ( 1+ 10,000/1,000 x 2/100)
TAS = 150 ( 1 + 0.2)
= 150 x 1.2
= 180
knots
= 177
knots
Using formula : TAS = EAS √ρ̥ /ρ
TAS = 150 x √1.225/0.875
TAS = 150 x 1.18

69. OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Review : Rule of thumb calculating TAS
Calculate TAS !
IAS = 250 knots
Altitude = 30,000 feet
TAS = IAS ( 1 + altitude/1,000 x 2%)
TAS = 250 ( 1 + 0.6)
= 250 x 1.6
TAS = 250 ( 1+ 30,000/1,000 x 2/100)
= 400
knots

70. CONCLUSION
OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
KEY POINTS :
Navigator
Direction
Distance
Time
Altitude
Speed

71. END
ANY QUESTION?