1. Animal Morphology
and Diversity
Dr. Eden V. Evangelista
Department of Biological Sciences
Philippine Normal University
Manila

2. Levels of Classification
Kingdoms (C. Linnaeus)
1.Plant
2. Animal
five-kingdom system
1.Plant 4. Protist
2.Animal 5. Fungi
3.Monera
Six-kingdom system
1. Plant 4. Protist
2. Animal 5. Fungi
3. Monera Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

3. 8 – Kingdom
1. Plant
2. Animal
3. Monera Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
4. Fungi
5. Protist Archaezoa
Protista
Chromista

5. * Animals cannot make their own food.
They depend on other living organisms.
*Animals digest their food. They cannot
use proteins, fats and carbohydrates
directly.
*Many animals move from place to place.
By moving around, they can find food,
escape their enemies, find a better place
to live and find mates.

6. *Animals have many cells. Different
cells carry out different functions such
as digestion and reproduction.
*Animal cells are eucaryotic. The cells
have nucleus and organelles
enclosed by a membrane.

7. Examples of major phyla of the animal
kingdom: (more or less 36 phyla)
Porifera Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes
Mollusca Annelida
Arthropoda Echinodermata
Chordata

9. Butterfly, fish,
grasshoppers,
spider, bird
Animals without
backbones
(invertebrates)
Animals with
backbones
(vertebrates)
With 3 body
regions (Moth &
grasshopper)
With 2
body
regions
With gills Without
gills
Butterfly &
grasshopper
Spider Fish Bird

10. Arrangement of the body parts (symmetry ) :
Radial symmetry - animals that have
body parts arranged in a circle around a
central point. Examples: Sea anemones
and starfish.
Bilateral symmetry - animals that can be
divided into right and left halves by
drawing an imaginary line down the
length of its body.
Asymmetrical animals - animals that do
not have definite shape

11. Evolutionary Tree of Animals

12. Poriferans (Sponges)

14. Venus
Flower
Basket

15. Sponges

17. Cnidaria

18. Hydra are named
after the nine-headed
sea snake of Greek
mythology and are
freshwater relatives
of corals, sea
anemones and
jellyfish. Cnidaria
and share in
common stinging
tentacles and a
radially symmetrical
body plan.

19. Jelly Fish

23. Sea
Anemone

24. Sea Anemone

27. Platyhelminthes

28. Flatworms

29. Tapeworm

30. Tapeworm
lamb is
passing a
tapeworm

33. Nematoda

35. Anatomy of Roundworms

36. Annelida

37. Earthworm
Anatomy

38. External Parts of an Earthworm

39. Leech
Nereis

40. Mollusca

41. Chiton
Snail
Limpet

42. Shell
Squid
Octopus

45. Coelom Formation

47. Clam Anatomy

49. Arthropoda

50. Butterfly Spider
Centipede

51. Metamorphosis

52. External Parts of a Grasshopper

58. Compound Eyes of Mosquito

59. Millipede
Shrimp

60. Echinodermata

61. Sea Cucumber

67. Chordata

69. Lancelets

70. Tunicates

71. Protochordates

72. Amphibians (Frogs,
Toads, Salamanders and
Newts)

73. Frogs, toads and salamanders are amphibians. -
They have moist, smooth skin, or warty skin
without scales.
- They can breathe through their skin. -
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide can be
exchanged through the skin and the lining
of the mouth.
- have very small sac-like lungs in the chest
cavity that are used for breathing on land.
- also called cold-blooded which means
that their body temperature changes
depending on the temperature of the
environment.

74. External Parts of the Frog

75. Frog

77. The Reptiles (Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and
Crocodiles)
-cold-blooded vertebrate with dry, scaly skin
-special type of egg adaptations that enable
them to live their entire life out of water.

78. - Snakes and lizards make up the largest
group of reptiles
- Turtles make up a very successful order
of animals. They can be found in almost
every continent and in most of the world's
oceans. The body of a turtle is covered by
a hard shell both on top and at the
bottom. Most turtles can withdraw into
their shell for protection. Turtles have no
teeth and use their beaks to feed on
insects,worms, fish and plants.

80. A sea turtle
Turtles are found or live in water, while
Tortoise live on land

82. A Crocodile
Crocodiles and alligators are among the world's
largest living reptiles. They are carnivorous and
some species can grow up to 7 meters in length
with a mass of around 1,000 kilograms.

85. Vertebrates
Around 5% of all animals are vertebrates.
They have the following characteristics:
presence of vertebral column; internal joint
skeleton that protects internal organs; closed
circulatory system; paired appendages;
efficient organ for obtaining oxygen; kidneys
as excretory organ; and a high degree of
cephalization.

87. Birds and Mammals (Warm-blooded animals)
- a warm-blooded animal with an outer
covering of feathers, two legs used for
walking or perching, and front limbs
modified into wings.
- bird's body temperature is about 40 0C
they have higher body temperature than the
human body.
- most striking characteristic is the presence
of feathers.

90. External Parts of a Bird

92. Orders of Mammalia
Mammals are classified according to
means of reproduction:
- mammals that lay eggs;
- mammals that have pouches; and
- mammals that have placentas.

93. Man,
monkeys
, etc.
Mammals
Based on
development and
reproduction
Marsupial
Platypus
Monotreme
Placental
Kangaroo/
Koala

94. Egg- laying Mammals
- monotremes are a small group of
mammals that lay eggs.
- they do not have nipples like the
placental mammals
- the young licks milk from the skin
and hair surrounding the female's
mammary gland.

95. Spiny Anteater
Platypus

96. Mammals with Pouches
- develop their young in pouches, but the
youngs are born, not hatched from eggs.
- marsupials, common in Australia and New
Zealand.
- young marsupial develops for a short
while inside the body of the mother.
When they are born, they are tiny and
helpless.

97. Mammals with Placenta
- largest group of mammals
- mammals whose embryo
develops inside the placenta.
- in a placenta, the baby can stay
inside the mother longer
- a baby placental mammal is more
developed and active than other new
born mammals.

98. Lion Monkey
Dog Cat

99. Primates

104. Man

105. Point
of
Compari
son
Agnatha
Chondric
hthyes
Osteic
hthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Modes
of
Feeding
filte
r-
feede
rs
(larv
ae)
paras
ites
(adul
ts)
filter-
feeders
,
carnivo
res,
predato
rs
filte
r-
feede
rs,
carni
vores
,
herbi
vores
herbivo
res,
carnivo
res
herbiv
ores,
carniv
ores
herbi
vores
,
carni
vores
,
omniv
ores
herbivores
,
carnivores
,
omnivores,
insectivor
es
Respira
tion
gills gill
slits
(gills)
gills
,
swim
bladd
er
skin,
gills,
lungs
lungs lung
s,
air
sacs
lungs

106. Point
of
Compari
son
Agnatha
Chondric
hthyes
Osteic
hthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
General
Charact
eristic
jawles
s;
lack
bony
skelet
on;
smooth
non
scaly
skin
skelet
on of
cartil
age,
with
epider
mal
placoi
d
(tooth
like)
scales
skelet
on of
bone,
with
swim
blassd
er
(gas
filled
sac)
with
four
legs,
metamo
rphosi
s,
smooth
and
moist
with
four
legs,
dry
scaly
skin,
shelle
d egg
with
feath
ers,
hard
shell
ed
egg,
with
wings
with hair
or fur,
infant
dependency
, mammary
glands
Classes of Phylum Chordata

107. Point
of
Compari
son
Agnatha
Chondric
hthyes
Osteic
hthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Interna
l
Transpo
rt
simple
circui
t of
closed
circul
atory
system
closed
circul
atory
system
; 2
chambe
red
heart
close
d
circu
lator
y
syste
m; 2
chamb
ered
heart
closed
circula
tory
system;
3
chamber
ed
heart;
double
circula
tion
closed
circul
atory
system
; 4
chambe
red
heart
closed;
4
chamber
ed
heart,
blood
vessels
, air
sacs
closed; 4
chambered
heart;
blood
vessels

108. Point
of
Compari
son
Agnatha
Chondric
hthyes
Osteic
hthyes
Amphibi
a
Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Excreti
on
kidney kidney kidney kidney kidneys
; salt
glands
kidneys
Respons
e
well-
develo
ped
sense
of
smell
and
hearin
g,
with
latera
l line
to
sense
vibrat
ions
well-
develop
ed
sense
of
smell;
brain,
cold-
blooded
/
ectothe
rmic
ectoth
ermic/
cold-
bloode
d;
well-
develo
ped
brain
ectoth
ermic/
cold-
bloode
d;
well-
develo
ped
brain
ectoth
ermic/
cold-
bloode
d;
well-
develo
ped
brain
endothe
rmic/
warm-
blooded
; well-
develop
ed
brain
endotherm
ic/ warm-
blooded;
well-
developed
brain

109. Point
of
Compari
son
Agnatha
Chondric
hthyes
Osteic
hthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Movemen
t
muscl
es
fins fins legs,
feet
legs
and
some
are
legles
s
wings,
feet
limbs,
legs,
feet
Reprodu
ction
sexua
l,
exter
nal,
ferti
lizat
ion
sexual,
interna
l
fertili
zation
sexes
separ
ate;
exter
nal
ferti
lizat
ion
separat
e
sexes;
externa
l/
interna
l
fertili
zation
sexes
separa
te;
intern
al
fertil
izatio
n
sexes
separat
e; with
copulat
ory
organs;
interna
l
feriliz
ation
sexes
separate,
with
copulator
y organs;
internato
fertiliza
tion

110. Point
of
Compari
son
Agnatha
Chondric
hthyes
Osteic
hthyes
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Symmetr
y
bilate
ral
bilate
ral
bilat
eral
bilater
al
bilater
al
bilate
ral
bilateral
Habitat aquati
c
aquati
c
aquat
ic
terrest
rial/
aquatic
terrest
rial/
aquatic
terres
trial/
aquati
c
terrestri
al/
aquatic
Examples lamprey
s,
hagfish
es
shark,
rays,
skates
body
fishes
salaman
ders,
caecici
lians,
frogs,
toads
turtles,
lizards,
snakes,
crocodil
es,
alligato
rs
birds anteater,
kangaroo,
dogs,
apes,
bats,
whale,
horse,
rabbits,
rats,
moles,
elephants,
deer

111. E.V.E