A presentation from the WCCA 2011 conference in Brisbane.

1. 5th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture Conservation tillage improves soil properties and crops yields in North China China: He Jin, Li HW, Li H, Liu Lijing Australia: J.N. Tullberg (Unviersity of Queenlans) A.D. McHugh (University of South Queensland)

3. Why CA?

7. 4. Low and unstable crops yields

9. Conservation tillage: ------No or minimum tillage ------Permanent organic soil mulch cover ------Temporal and/or spatial diversity of crops

11. Material and Methods

12. Daxing, Beijing Linfen, Shanxi Wuchuan, Inner Mongolia 1. Experimental sites

13. 2. Weather information Experimental sites Altitude (m) Mean annual rainfall (mm) Mean annual temperature ( o C) Linfen, Loess Plateau (1992-2007) 360- 500 500 10-12 Daxing, North China Plain (2000-2007) 45 526 10-12 Wuchuan, farming pastoral ecotone (1998-2008) 1500-2000 360 2.5

14. 4. No-till planter 2BMF-7 no-till wheat planter 2BMD-12 Strip-chopping no-till planter Daxing Linfen, Wuchuan Heavy residues cover Low residues cover

15. Results and Discussion

19. 3. Crops yields Wheat (kg/ha): Linfen Mean yield: CT>TT, ↑ 579kg/ha Mean yield: CT>TT, ↑ 138kg/ha Daxing Mean yield: CT>TT, ↑ 171kg/ha Wuchuan

20. Maize: Mean yield: CT>TT, ↑ 423kg/ha Daxing

22. Introduction of Conservation Tillage Research Centre, MOA 农业部保护性耕作研究中心介绍 and Conservation Tillage in China 以及中国保护性耕作状况

24. Machine Development Conservation Agriculture Yields 产量 Cost 成本 Wind erosion Water erosion Soil Moisture Weeds Control GHG Emission Others Tasks 任务

26. 1992 ： Started Conservation Tillage research with ACIAR Projects Results: With No till Seeders developed by CTRC ， answered: Is CA practicable in China? How to do CA ? What are the benefits of CA? Can we use machines to do CA in China?

27. Corn No-till Planter

28. No Till wheat Seeders for areas with one crop a year 5 Rows 6 rows 9 rows 7 rows 10 rows

29. 1998 年 : started to do research on no till seeding into maize stubble cover field

30. Series No-till Wheat Planter in Annual Two-crop Regions

31. Strip chop no-till seeder

34. Subsoiler

35. Shallow Tillage Weeder

37. Experimental and Monitoring Sites ★ ★ ★ ★ 阳高 ★ 张北 ★ 武川 ★ 正蓝旗 ★ 赤峰 ★ 凌源 ★ 阜新 500 km 400 km 300 km ★ 丰宁 150 km Around Beijing

38. (1) Water Erosion 水蚀 Rainfall Simulation 降雨模拟 Runoff Experiments 径流试验区

39. (2) Wind Erosion

41. Satellite Image

42. Sampling in the field

43. Wind Tunnel

44. 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fengning ZhangBei Inner Mongolia Beijing 丰宁 张北 内蒙古 延庆 ↘ 50%

45. (3) Soil Fertility 培肥地力 SOM 有机质： Increase 0.03% per year

46. Earth Worm After years ： 3 ～ 5/m 2 After years: 10 ～ 15/m 2

47. (4) CO2 Flux

48. Conventional Tillage ( 11.30g/m 2 ) produced more CO 2 emission than Rotary till ( 9.63g/m 2 ) and No-till ( 7.99g/m 2 ) for the whole year. 传统耕作 11.30g/m2 ， 比旋耕 9.63g/m2 和免耕 7.99g/m2

49. 3. Controlled Traffic/Permanent Raised Bed

52. Tractor Guidance 机械方式拖拉机导向系统 Control system Steering system Detecting system The tractor can be guided to follow the crop row at lower speed 拖拉机可以顺着原有玉米行行走

53. Camera Guidance 数码方式导向

54. Automatic monitoring Stubble Cover Rate 利用数码照片快速测定覆盖率

55. Papers More than 20 English Papers, 100 Chinese papers

56. Own more than 40 Patents State Intellectual Property Office of P.R.C

57. Min-till seeders for wheat into maize stubble

58. Training

59. Development of CT in China 中国保护性耕作发展 Area /M ha 面积 （百万公顷） Year 年份

60. Thank you!