1. Adrenal
Glands
Rañola, Anna Patricia Jo

2.  Aka Suprarenal gland
 Pyramidal in shape
 Located superior to
each kidney
 Consist of an outer
adrenal cortex and
inner adrenal medulla

3. Adrenal Cortex
 Subdivided in 3 zones:
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis

5. Hormones, Regulation
and uses

6. Aldosterone
 Regulates homeostasis of
two mineral ions: Na+ & K+
 Helps adjust blood pressure
and blood volume.
Promotes excretion of H+

7. Renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone pathway
• Dehydration, Na+ def. or
STIMULI hemorrhage
• Blood volume and blood
DECREASE pressure
• Enzyme, renin
SECRETION • Juxtaglomerular cells

8. • Renin converts Angiotensinogen,plasma
protein, into ANGIOTENSIN 1
CONVERT
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme
LUNGS
• Angiotensin II
• Secrete Aldosterone
KIDNEYS
• Juxtaglomerular cells
• Blood volume and pressure
INCREASE

9. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Synthesized by Zona
Fasciculata
Affects glucose
homeostasis
Regulates metabolism
and resistance to stress

10. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Cortisol, corticosterone
and cortisone.
Cortisol is most abundant

11. Negative Feedback
System
• Neurosecretory cell in HYPOTHALAMUS
• CRH
LOW LEVEL
• Anterior pituitary
• ACTH
RELEASE
• Zona fasciculata
• Secrete glucocorticoid
EFFECTOR

12. ANDROGEN
Synthesized by Zona
Reticularis
Produce steroid hormones
ACTH stimulates secretion
Masculinizing effect

13. Adrenal Medulla
 Chromaffincells are the hormone-
producing cell.

14. Hormones, Regulation
and uses

15. CATECHOLAMINE
Norepinephrine, epineph
rine, and small amounts
of dopamine.

16. NOREPINEPHRINE &
EPINEPHRINE
• Stressful situations and
STIMULI exercise
• Sympathetic preganglionic
HYPOTHALAMUS neurons in splanchnic nerve
CHROMAFFIN
• Secretes E and NE
CELLS

17. NOREPINEPHRINE &
EPINEPHRINE
 Increase blood flow to the heart,
liver, and skeletal muscles, and
adipose tissue
 Dilates airways to the lungs
 Increase blood levels of glucose
and fatty acids

18. Pancreatic
Islets

19.  Pancreas is a flattened
organ
 Located in the curve of
the duodenum
 Consist of a head, body,
and tail

21. Pancreatic Islets
 Tinyclusters of endocrine tissue
scattered among the exocrine acini

22. Cell Types in Pancreatic Islets
 Alpha or A cells
 15% of the cells in Pancreatic islets
 Glucagon
 β- cells or B cells
 80%
 Insulin
 δ- cells or D cells
 5%
 Somatostatin

23. Regulation of Glucagon
and Insulin Secretion
•Secretion of glucagon
Hypoglycemia •Inhibits insulin secretion
•Gluconeogenesis
Hepatocytes •Glycogenolysis
• Inhibits
Hyperglycemia glucagon
secretion
Secretion of
insulin
• Glycogenesis
• Increase protein synthesis
• Lipogenesis
• Slow gluconeogenesis and
glycogenolysis

24. Ovaries
&Testes

25. Ovaries
 Sizeand shape
resembles that of
unshelled
almonds
 Located in the
pelvic cavity, one
in each side of
the uterus
 Covered by the
mesovarium

26.  Follicular cells
 Cells that surrounds
the ovarian follicles
 Secrete estrogen
 Corpus luteum
 Contains the
remnants of mature
follicle after
ovulation
 Produces
progesterone, estro
gen, relaxin, and
inhibin

27. Hormones and Uses
 Progesterone
 Helps prepare the endometrium for
implantation
 Prepare the Mammary glands for milk
secretion
 Estrogen
 Feminizing sex hormone
 For the development of oocytes
 Maintenance of female reproductive
structures and
 Secondary sex characteristics

28. Hormones and Uses
 Relaxin
 Increases pubic symphysis during
pregnancy
 Dilate uterine cervix during labor and
delivery
 Inhibin
 Inhibits the production of FSH

29. Testes
 Aka Testicles
 Paired oval glands
 Supported by a
sac consisting of
loose skin called
scrotum

30. Leydig Cells
 Aka interstitial cell of leydig or
interstitial endocrinocyte
 Located in the interstitial tissue
between the convuluted seminiferous
tubules
 Secretes testosterone

31. Testosterone
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Pituitary
LH
Testes
Testosterone

32. Testosterone
 Regulates sperm
production
 Promotes
development and
maintenance of
masculine secondary
sex characteristics