1. Chapter 5
Learning
A Report By: Group 1
Jorene Lei
Mariane Chiong
Mark Ballada
Hamla Buencibello

2. Overview: Topics in this Report
 Definitions
 Classical
What do we mean by
conditioning
“learning”?
 Operant Learning is the process of
conditioning acquiring new and
relatively enduring
information or behaviors.
Learning is any relatively
permanent change in
behavior brought about by
experience or practice.

3. The acquisition of
knowledge
or skills through
experience,
earning
practice, or study,
or by being taught. Relatively
Knowledge permanent
acquired in change
this way. in
behavior
due
to
experience

4. How does learning happen?
We learn from We learn by
experience: association:
1. when we learn to 1. when two stimuli
predict events we (events or sensations)
already like or don’t tend to occur together
like by noticing other or in sequence.
events or sensations 2. when actions become
that happen first. associated with
2. when our actions have pleasant or aversive
consequences. results.
3. when we watch what 3. when two pieces of
other people do. information are linked.

5. What is learning?
• Behaviorist Perspective
- A relatively permanent change
in behavior that arises from
practice or experience
• Cognitive Perspective
- Mental change that may
or may not be associated
with changes in behavior

6. Types of Learning
Classical
conditioning: Operant
learning to link two conditioning:
stimuli in a way that changing behavior
helps us anticipate choices in response
an event to which to consequences
we have a reaction

7. Classical Conditioning

8. Associative Learning: Dr. Ivan Pavlov. A Russian
ClassicalanConditioning
Learning to make involuntary (reflex)
physiologist, was the
first to study and write
response to a stimulus other than the original, about the basic
natural stimulus that normally produces the principles of classical
reflex. Example: Lightning conditioning.
Stimulus: See lightning Response: Cover ears to avoid sound

9. Studying the digestive system in his dogs,
Pavlov had built adevice that would
accurately measure the amount of saliva
produced by the dogs when they were fed
• 1849-1936 a measured amount of food. Normally,
• Russian physiologist when food is placed in the mouth of any
animal, the salivary glands automatically
• Discovered classical start releasing saliva. This is a normal
conditioning REFLEX.
• Reflexes, stimuli & responses
A STIMULUS can be defined A Reflex is an The food
as any object, event or unlearned, involuntary causes a
experience that causes a response that bis nit particular
response, the reaction of an under personal control reaction, the
organism. or choice SALIVATION.

10. Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs
Pavlov soon discovered that his dogs began
salivating when they weren't supposed to be
salivating. Switching his focus, Pavlov spent the
rest of his career studying on what he termed
Classical Conditioning, learning to elicit an
involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other
than the original stimulus that produces reflex.
Elements of Classical Conditioning:
Unconditione
Unconditioned
d Response
Stimulus (UCS).
(UCR)
Conditioned Conditioned
Stimulus (CS) Response (CR)

11.  The original naturally occurring stimulus.
This is the stimulus that ordinarily leads to
UNCONDITIONED the reflex response. In the case of Pavlov
STIMULUS dogs, the food is the unconditioned
stimulus.
 The reflex response to the unconditioned
stimulus. It is unlearned and occurs
UNCONDITIONED
because of genetic ‘wiring’ in the nervous
RESPONSE system. In Pavlov’s experiment, the
 salivation to the food is the UCR. kind of
Pavlov determined that almost any
stimulus could become associated with
CONDITIONED UCS. The sight of the food dish itself
became a stimulus for salivation before the
STIMULUS
food was given. At this point, the dish was
called NEUTRAL STIMULUS.
CONDITIONED  Comes as a response to the conditioned
RESPONSE stimulus.

12. Putting it together: Pavlov’s canine
Classic or tick tock tick tock
Before conditioning takes place,
the sound of the metronome
does not cause salivation and is
a neutral stimulus or NS. During
conditioning, the sound of the
metronome occurs just before
the presentation of the food,
the UCS. The food causes
Salivation, the UCR. When
conditioning has occurred after
several pairings of the
metronome with the food, the
metronome will begin to elicit a
salivation response from the
dog without any food. This is
learning, and the sound of the
metronome is now a CS and the
salivation to the bell is the CR.

13. Putting It Together
Neutral
Conditioned Unconditioned Unconditioned
Conditioned
No
Stimulus
Stimulus Stimulus Response
Response
Response

14. Stimulus Generalization and
Discrimation
• Stimulus Discrimination
• Stimulus Generalization The tendency to respond to stop making a
The tendency to respond to a generalized response to a stimulus that is
stimulus that is only similar to the similar to the original conditioned
stimulus because the similar stimulus is
original conditioned stimulus with never paired with the unconditioned
the condition response. stimulus.
• For example: a person who reacts with anxiety to the sound of a
dentist’s drill might react with some slight anxiety to a similar
sounding machine such as an electric coffee grinder

15. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Extinction
The appearance of a learned response after
The disappearance or weakening of a extinction has occurred. In Spontaneous
learned response following removal or Recovery the conditioned response can
absence of the unconditioned stimulus briefly appear when original CS returns
(in classical conditioning) or the removal although the response is usually weak and
of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning short lived.
Example:
People experience classical
conditioning in many ways.
People who are allergic to cats
sometimes sneeze when they
see a picture of a cat.
This graph shows the Acquisition, Extinction and Spontaneous
Recovery of a conditioned salivary response.

16. Higher-Order Conditioning
Higher order conditioning:
Occurs when a strong conditioned
stimulus is paired with a neutral
stimulus causing the neutral
stimulus to become a second
conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned
Neutral Conditioned Conditioned
No
Stimulus Stimulus Response

17. Conditioned Emotional Responses:
RATS!
 In 1920, 9-month-old Little Albert was not afraid
of rats.
 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner then clanged
a steel bar every time a rat was presented to
Albert.
 Albert acquired a fear of rats, and generalized
this fear to other soft and furry things.

18. Before Little Albert Experiment
Conditioning
No fear
NS: rat
UCS: steel bar hit
with hammer
Natural reflex:
fear

19. Little Albert Experiment
UCS: steel bar hit
NS: rat with hammer
Natural reflex:
fear
During
Conditioning

20. Operant Conditioning

21. Learning:
Operant Conditioning
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and
unpleasant consequences responses.
Example:
 Child associates his “response” (behavior) with consequences.
 Child learns to repeat behaviors (saying “please”) which were followed by desirable results
(cookie).
 Child learns to avoid behaviors (yelling “gimme!”) which were followed by undesirable
results (scolding or loss of dessert).

22. What’s in It for Me? Operant
Conditioning
• Operant conditioning –
voluntary behavior learned
through consequences
• Thorndike’s Law of Effect –
responses followed by
pleasurable consequences are
repeated
– Thorndike’s puzzle box
IF a stimulus followed by Law of Effect
Law of Effect
Law stating that if an action
a behavior results in a Law stating that if an action is
is followed by a pleasurable
reward… followed by a pleasurable
consequence, it will tend to
THEN the stimulus is more consequence, it will tend to be be repeated, and if followed
likely to give rise to the repeated, and if followed by an
by an unpleasant
unpleasant consequence, it will
behavior in the future. consequence, it will not be
not be repeated.
repeated.

23. B.F. Skinner: The Behaviorist’s Behaviorist
• 1904-1990
Skinner box Studied observable,
measurable behavior
•The rat is learning to • operant – voluntary
press the bar in the wall behavior
of the cage in order to get • learning depends on
consequences
food .
Recording
Bar or lever device
that an
animal
presses,
randomly at
first, later for
reward
Food/water dispenser
to provide the reward

24. Any event or
stimulus that
when following
a response,
increases the einforcement
probability
that the
response will
occur again.

25. Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Positive:
The reinforcement of
response by the
addition or
experiencing of a
pleasurable stimulus.
Negative:
The reinforcement of a
response by the
removal, escape from,
or avoidance of an
unpleasant stimulus.