The document provides an overview of the geography, economies, populations, and recent histories of countries in South America. It describes the diverse landscapes and climates found across countries like Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Key economic activities are farming, mining, and industries vary by country. The populations are mixed European, indigenous American, and African heritages and most speak Spanish. Several countries have faced issues with illegal drug cartels, civil wars, and economic crises in recent decades.

1. Chapter 9 The Andean Countries

2. Colombia

11. Peru

18. Ecuador

21. Bolivia

26. Chile

31. Argentina

40. Paraguay

43. Uraguay