Physical Science Notes - Properties, Systems, Matter & Energy

Including Goals & Key Vocabulary
jschmied©2015

jschmied©2015
Unit C: Physical
Science
Learning Goals
Pre-Assessment
Act1-Whatis
MatterMadeOf?
Act2.-Elements,
Mendeleev&the
PeriodicTable
Act3-Howand
WhyDoWe
ClassifyMatter?
ACT4–Whatare
theStatesofMatter
Activity5–Whatarethe
waysMattercan
Change?
Act7-HowdoI
IdentifyPhysical
andChemical
Changes?
Act7–Whatisa
system?
Act8–IsMass
reallyConserved?
Post-Assessment
Characteristics of Matter
1. I know how matter is
organized and can describe
characteristics of matter
Properties and Change
2a. I can describe physical
and chemical properties
2 b. I can identify if a
physical and chemical
change occurs..
Systems
3. I can identify an open or
closed system by analyzing
the inputs and outputs of
matter and energy in a system

Learning Goals Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Learning Goal 1:
I know how matter is
organized and can
describe
characteristics of
matter.
I can define these terms:
- matter - mass
- atom - volume
- protons - compound
- neutrons - mixture
- electrons - organic
- element - inorganic
- molecule
- Periodic Table
- atomic name
- atomic symbol
- atomic number
- atomic mass
I can tell:
 the key characteristics of
matter. (has mass, volume
etc...)
 the names of the parts of
an atom & each part’s
charge
I can correctly classify samples
of substances as:
 atoms mixtures
 elements solutions
 molecules
 compounds
 organic
 inorganic
With use of a Periodic Table I
can identify:
 an element’s name
 atomic symbol
 number of protons/atomic
number
 atomic mass
I can tell if a particle has a
neutral, positive, or negative
charge based on the number
of protons and electrons.
I can describe to others the
chemical structure of:
 atoms,
 molecules
 elements
 compounds
 mixtures
 solutions
Learning Goal 2:
a. I can describe
properties and
b. I can identify if a
change occurs.
- physical properties
- chemical properties
- state(s) of matter
- gas - solid
- liquid
- phase change (change of ctate)
- physical change
- chemical change
- motions of molecules (One card)
 vibration
 rotation
 translation
I can identify
 a substance’s physical and
chemical properties.
 the difference between
physical and a chemical
change.
 3 key properties of solids,
liquids and gases.
 the molecular motions an
atom makes in different
states of matter.
I can identify:
 if a physical change
occurs
 if a chemical change
occurs
 if a substance loses or
gains energy when
making a phase change.
 If a substance in a
container is a solid,
liquid or gas
 when a chemical
reaction occurs
I can explain how physical
changes are different from
chemical changes at the
atomic level.
I can explain how solid, liquid
and gas molecules behave as
energy is added or taken
away from a system.
Learning Goal 3:
I can identify an open
or closed system by
analyzing the inputs
and outputs of matter
and energy in a
system.
- energy
- open system - closed system
- system inputs - system outputs
- cycling of matter
- system boundary
- flow of matter
- flow of energy
- conservation of matter (mass)
I can identify if a system is open
or closed.
I know what the law of
conservation of mass is.
I can explain why mass in an
open system changes, but
does not in a closed system.
I can draw the inputs &
outputs of matter & energy
for:
 an open system
 a closed system.
I can show & explain to
others how matter is
conserved in:
 an open system
 a closed system.
Physical Science Performance Expectations

Matter Objects that take up space and have mass are matter. Sugar is made of matter.
Atom - the smallest unit of matter with a unique identity. Each atom is made up of a number particles: protons (+),
neutrons (no charge) & electrons (-).
Proton – Positively charged (+) particle (s) located in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons
determines which element an atom is.
Neutron - Neutrally charged particle(s) located in the nucleus of an atom. Atoms contain neutrons if there
are more than 1 proton.
Electron – Negatively charged particle(s) located in orbits around the nucleus. Neutral atoms contain the
same amount of protons as neutrons.
Element – fundamental particles from which all other substances are made of. Each element has a unique number
of protons and is made of one & only one type of atom.
Periodic Table – A list of all elements by the number of protons as well as chemical & physical properties.
Element Name – The name of an element
Atomic Symbol – The symbol representing one atom of an element (Au = Gold, O = Oxygen)
Atomic Number - the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, also its place in the periodic table
Atomic Mass – mass of an atom of an element. Approx. equals the # protons + # neutrons
Compounds – 2 or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio (i.e. CO2)
Molecule – When 2 or more atoms (same or different) bond together chemically. (O2, CO2, NaCl, C6H12O6)
Mixture – When 2 or more substances combine, yet retain their individual properties. (i.e. Italian dressing, Zinc)
Solution – Mixture with uniform structure throughout
Suspension – Mixture
jschmied©2015

Mass - A measure of how much matter (atoms / molecules) is in an object.
Volume - the three-dimensional space occupied by a specific object.
State(s) of Matter - one of the distinct forms that matter takes on. (Plasma Gas, Liquid, Solid, BEC). The states of
matter below are listed in the amount of energy and movement the atoms of each possesses.
Plasma – Highest energy. No definite volume or shape. “fills its container”, particles far apart & random order.
Gas – No definite volume or shape, “fills its container”, particles far apart & random order.
Liquid – Definite volume, no definite shape, “takes shape of its container” . Particles close but random
Solid – Definite volume & shape, “fills its container”. Particles close together in regular, not random order
Bose Einstein Condensate – Lowest energy – Atoms lose individual identities. Very low atomic movement.
Physical Change – A change in the form or shape of matter, not its identity (chemical composition). (i.e. Ice melts,
Water evaporates, Big salt crystals crushed into small salt crystals, Paper torn into pieces).
Change of State (Phase Change) When a substance changes from one state, or phase, of matter to another. Changes
of phase always occur with a transfer of heat energy. (Example:, ice melts to become water; water evaporates to
become water vapor.)
Chemical Change – A Chemical Change occurs when 2 or more substances react to create one or more entirely
different substances.
Properties of Matter:
Chemical Property - A property that can only be observed or measured by changing the substance’s chemical
identity. Properties include: Reactivity, Toxicity, Flammability, pH, Heat of combustion, Chemical stability
Physical Property - A property that can be observed or measured without changing the matter’s identity.
Physical properties include: melting point, texture, boiling point, color, hardness, odor, density, solubility, etc.
jschmied©2015

Motions of molecules (one card) – the amount of a molecule’s motion is directly related to its energy level.
Vibration – bending, stretching & compressing of a molecule
Rotation – spinning movement around a molecule’s axis
Translation – movement of a molecule from place to place
Energy - "Energy Is the Ability to Do Work." Energy can be found in a number of different forms. It can be
chemical energy, electrical energy, heat (thermal energy), light (radiant energy), mechanical energy, and nuclear
energy
Heat – the transfer of energy from a higher temperature object or system to a lower temperature object or
system.
System - a group of related parts that move or do work together.
Open System – a system in which energy and matter can flow in and out of the system
Closed System - a system in which energy can flow, but matter cannot leave and is cycled within the
system
System Boundary - The “edges” of a system. By crossing a system’s boundary one is either entering or
leaving a defined system.
Flow of matter: Matter moving into, out of, or inside of a system.
Flow of energy: Energy moving into, out of, or inside of a system
Input – When matter, energy or information comes into (flows in) a system.
Output - When matter, energy or information leaves (flows out of) a system.
Cycling - When matter stays in a system & cycles between different states of matter, substances or organisms.
Example: Matter cycling inside an ecosystem = from soil =>plants =>to soil =>plants =>animals =>bacteria =>soil => etc.
Conservation of Matter – A law that states that matter is always conserved during a chemical reaction. a. This
means the atoms of the reacting materials ( the reactants ) are not destroyed. Instead the atoms are rearranged
to form new materials ( the products ). b. Also the combined masses of the reactants are the same as the
combined masses of the products.
jschmied©2015

 Go to this link.
 Watch the video & identify the different types of energy & each type’s source.
 Enter this data in the data table below.
Data Table One - Cymatics Types of Energy & Cause
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3oItpVa9fs
Instance Type of Energy Source(s) of this Energy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
jschmied©2015

What are the Four Characteristics of Matter?
1. Matter is made up of atoms or molecules. (atoms make up molecules)
2. Has mass (weight)
3. Takes up space (volume)
4. Is found in at least 5 states:
• Plasma (Very Hot!)
• Gas
• Liquid
• Solid
• Bose Einstein Condensate (Very Cold!)
The Sun has
Matter in the
Plasma state
jschmied©2014

Nucleus
Carbon atom
Carbon is also an element as it is made of
only one type of atom.
Carbon Dioxide Molecule
All molecules have two or more atoms
bonded together.
• There are 3 atoms in the CO2 molecule
above.
• CO2 is also a compound since it has 2
or more different atoms bonded
together
• I know what matter is made up of…
….and can describe characteristics of matter
The number of Protons an atom
has determines which element
the atom is!
jschmied©2014

A table organized by Weights & Properties of Elements
In 1869, a Russian chemist named Dmitriy Mendeleev
came up with a way of organizing the elements that
were known at the time.
Dmitriy set the elements out in order
of atomic weight. Next he grouped
the elements into rows and columns
based on chemical & physical
properties
jschmied©2015

Modern Periodic Tables do not organize elements by atomic mass.
Instead the elements are organized by two criteria:
1. The number of protons each possesses. (That’s because each element
has a unique number of protons.)
2. The reactivity of each element.
Be able to name at least three common elements,
Including a solid, liquid & gas at room temp!
jschmied©2015

The number of Protons an atom
has determines which element
the atom is!
jschmied©2014

Subtract the Atomic Mass
( rounded) from the Number of
Protons
Atomic Mass = 23
jschmied©2015
EX: Sodium
minus # Protons = 11
# Neutrons = 12

Directions:
Use a Periodic Table to fill in the rest of this data table .
• I know what matter is made up of… and can name
common elements.
Data Table One – Periodic Table Examples
Element
Name
Chemical
Symbol
Number
of
protons
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Weight
Oxygen
47
Pt
92
jschmied©2014

= 1 Sodium atom & 1 Chlorine atom = 2 elements, 1 atom
= 2 Hydrogen atoms, 1 Sulfur atom & 4 Oxygen atoms =
3 Elements, 7 Atoms total. This is an inorganic compound
= 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen = Sugar
3 Elements, 24 atoms total. This is an organic compound as
it has both Carbon & Hydrogen
Au Cl Hg Single elements. Each one atom
H2 O2
H2O CO2
2 elements, each 2 atoms. Both = Molecules
= 1 Nitrogen atom & 2 Oxygen atoms = 2 elements, 1 atom
jschmied©2014
NO2
NaCl
H2SO4
C6H12O6
2 elements, 3 atoms. Both = Molecules & Compounds

• I understand the relationship between atoms, molecules,
elements and compounds and ….
• I know the differences between compounds and mixtures
jschmied©2014

Salt water
Tea
Coffee
Milk
Italian Dressing
• I know the differences between compounds & mixtures
and….. can give everyday examples of each.
Salt (NaCl)
Distilled Water (H2O)
Wood (C6H10O5)
Sugar (C6H12O6)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
jschmied©2014

jschmied©2015
MORE ENERGYLESS ENERGY
MOLECULAR MOVEMENT MOSTLEAST
PARTICLE SPACING FAR APARTCLOSE TOGETHER
I can tell the molecular motions an atom makes in different states of matter.

I can describe a physical and chemical property and explain what a
physical and chemical change is.
jschmied©2012

jschmied©2015
I can tell the molecular motions an atom makes in different states of matter.
The atoms, molecules, or ions that make up a chemical system can undergo several types of molecular motion.
These include translation, rotation, and vibration
Translational motion. The entire molecule can move in some direction in three dimensions
Rotational motion. The entire molecule can rotate around any axis, (even though it may not actually change its position translationally)
Vibrational motion. The atoms within a molecule have certain freedom of movement; this displacement can be periodic motion like the
vibration of a tuning fork
The States of Matter diagram on the previous slide, entry 7, shows which movements occur in which states of matter.

I can visualize how solids, liquids and gases
behave in a container.
jschmied©2012http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter

I can visualize how solids,
liquids and gases behave in a container.
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter jschmied©2014
1 ?
2 ?
3 ?
Liquid – Why?
Solid – Why?
Gas – Why?

A physical change of state is a change from
one state of matter to another.
Take away
Energy
Ice (H2O)Water (H2O)
jschmied©2015

Physical Properties:
….. A property that can be observed or measured
without changing the matter’s identity.
Physical properties include:
appearance melting point
texture boiling point
color hardness
odor density
solubility
mass and many others.
jschmied©2012http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/images/2_0_0_0/2222screen2.jpg
http://www.gemstonebuzz.com/files/emerald.jpg

Physical Properties:
….. A property that can be observed or measured
without changing the matter’s identity.
Example: Gold is:
• a shiny yellow metal
• able to be shaped, easily bent
• melts at 1064°C
• boils at 2856°C and is a
• solid at room temperature
jschmied©2012http://www.gemstonebuzz.com/files/emerald.jpg

Add energy
Paper Crumpled
Paper
jschmied©2014

… any of a material's properties that can be
observed during a chemical reaction.
Chemical Properties include:
• Reactivity
• Toxicity
• Flammability
• pH
• Heat of combustion
• Chemical stability
… A quality that can be established only by changing
a substance's chemical identity.
jschmied©2012

… any of a material's properties that can be
observed during a chemical reaction.
For example,
1. Hydrogen has the potential
to ignite and explode given
the right conditions.
2. Zinc reacts with
Hydrochloric acid to
produce Hydrogen gas.
… A quality that can be established only by changing
a substance's chemical identity.
http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ct24/svet/175001-vzducholod-hindenburg-titanic-nebes/
I can describe a physical and chemical property and explain what a physical & chemical change is.
jschmied©2014

A Chemical Change occurs when one starts with
2 or more substances & they react and create
Entirely different substances.
CO2 + H20 + Sunlight O2 + Sugar or Cellulose
In a plant’s
Chlorophyll
Reactants Products
jschmied©2015

ChemicalPhysical
Physical Change Physical Change
of State
When one or more substances
REACT with another (or more)
to produce Entirely Different
Substances
• Shattered Wine Glass
• Shredded Paper
• Breaking a Rock
• Chipping Ice
• Sharpening Pencil
A change in the
appearance of
a substance.
A change from one
State of Matter to
another
• H2O(liq) -> H2O(gas)
• H20(solid) -> H2O(liq)
• H2O(gas) -> H2O(liq)
• H2O(solid)-> H2O(BEC)
Both start with a
substance and end
with that SAME
substance
• Burning Paper
• Vinegar + Baking Soda =>
• Gas + O2 + Thermal Energy
• Na + Cl => NaCl
I can describe a physical and
chemical property and
explain what a physical &
chemical change is.

System - a group of related parts that move or do work together.
Flow of matter: Matter moving into, out of, or inside of a system.
Flow of energy: Energy moving into, out of, or inside of a system

Open System – a system in which energy & matter can
flow in, out or both in & out of the system
jschmied©2015
System Boundary - The “edges” of a system. By crossing a system’s boundary
one is either entering or leaving a defined system.

Closed System - a system in which energy can flow, but
matter cannot leave. The matter is cycled within the system
System Boundary - The “edges” of a system. By crossing a system’s
boundary one is either entering or leaving a defined system.
jschmied©2015

Open System Closed System
Matter
Energy
The movement of Matter in a system
determines if a system is open or closed.
*assuming common systems are not “perfectly closed”
• If matter flows in and/or out of a system, the system is Open
• If matter cycles within a system, the system is Closed.
Can Flow In &/or Out Cycles within
Flows through Flows through
jschmied©2014

Energy Out
1. I am able to identify an open or closed system and analyze the
inputs and outputs of matter and energy in different systems.
Matter In
Energy In
Matter Out
Matter Cycling
Energy
Matter
Closed System
Open System
System
Boundaries
jschmied©2014

Open Jar Closed Jar
I can properly set the boundary, as well as
diagram the inputs, outputs and flows of
matter and energy in any system!
I am able to identify an open or closed system and analyze the
jschmied©2014

=>+
2 g 32 g 34 g
I can tell if mass in a system is conserved (doesn’t change)
I am able to Identify and analyze open and closed systems
Reactants Product
Hydrogen (Gas) Oxygen (Gas) H2O (liquid)
jschmied©2014

Vinegar + Baking Soda
Reactants Products
Matter is always conserved during a chemical reaction. This means the atoms of
the reacting materials ( the reactants ) are not destroyed just rearranged.
• Instead the atoms are rearranged to form new materials ( the products ).
• The combined masses of the reactants are the same as the combined masses
of the products.
Sodium Acetate + Water + Carbon Dioxide
The Mass Stays the same = Matter is conserved!
jschmied©2014
10 g 10 g 9 g 9 g 2 g

Closed Jar Closed Jar
+
2 g 32 g
34 g
=>
Start End
jschmied©2014

Open Jar Open Jar
+
2 g 32 g
=>
Start End
31 g
3 g
jschmied©2014

 This section is a review of the learning goals
you’ll want to master for the exam.
• Goal: I know what matter is made up of…
jschmied©2014
Know all the parts
of the atom.

Directions: Complete the Data Table for the 4 elements shown..
Copper Tin Barium Platinum
Cu
29
63.55
Sn
50
118.71
Ba
56
137.33
Pt
78
195.08
• I know what matter is made up of & can describe
characteristics of matter jschmied©2014
Know how to
find these data
without a
key

1. Is made up of atoms or molecules. (atoms make up molecules)
2. Has mass (weight)
3. Takes up space (volume)
4. Is found in at least 5 states
jschmied©2014
Be able to recognize these
characteristics & properties of
matter using an element example
Physical properties include:
appearance
texture
color
odor
solubility
melting point
boiling point
hardness
density
Matter is:

….and can name properties of at least 3 common elements.
I can name at least three common elements,
Including a solid, liquid & gas at room temp!
jschmied©2014

I know the differences between
atoms, elements, molecules, &
Organic & Inorganic compounds!
Organic compounds have
both Carbon & Hydrogen
I know how matter is organized and can describe characteristics of matter. jschmied©2014

Salt water
Tea
Coffee Salt (NaCl) ) = Inorganic compound
Distilled Water (H2O) = Inorganic compound
Wood (C6H10O5) = Organic compound
Milk
Italian Dressing
Sugar (C6H12O6) = Organic compound
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = Inorganic compound
• I know what matter is made up of & can describe characteristics of matter
I can tell the difference between Mixtures & Molecules
and also organic & inorganic compounds
jschmied©2015

= 1 Sodium atom & 1 Chlorine atom = 2 elements, 1 atom
= 2 Hydrogen atoms, 1 Sulfur atom & 4 Oxygen atoms =
3 Elements, 7 Atoms total. This is an inorganic compound
= 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen = Sugar
3 Elements, 24 atoms total. This is an organic compound as
it has both Carbon & Hydrogen
Au Cl Hg Single elements. Each one atom
H2 O2
H2O CO2
2 elements, each 2 atoms. Both = Molecules
= 1 Nitrogen atom & 2 Oxygen atoms = 2 elements, 1 atom
jschmied©2014
NO2
NaCl
H2SO4
C6H12O6
2 elements, 3 atoms. Both = Molecules & Compounds
• I know what matter is made up of & can describe characteristics of matter
I can tell the amount of elements & atoms in a molecule

jschmied©2014
Be able to recognize the differences
between physical properties and
chemical properties.Physical properties include:
appearance
texture
color
odor
solubility
melting point
boiling point
hardness
density
Chemical Properties include:
• Reactivity
• Toxicity
• Flammability
• pH
• Heat of combustion
• Chemical stability
I can describe a
property and explain
what a physical &
chemical change is.

ChemicalPhysical
Physical Change Physical Change
of State
When one or more substances
REACT with another (or more)
to produce Entirely Different
Substances
• Shattered Wine Glass
• Shredded Paper
• Breaking a Rock
• Chipping Ice
• Sharpening Pencil
A change in the
appearance of
a substance.
A change from one
State of Matter to
another
• H2O(liq) -> H2O(gas)
• H20(solid) -> H2O(liq)
• H2O(gas) -> H2O(liq)
• H2O(solid)-> H2O(BEC)
Both start with a
substance and end
with that SAME
substance
• Burning Paper
• Vinegar + Baking Soda =>
• Gas + O2 + Thermal Energy
• Na + Cl => NaCl
I can tell the difference
between different
types of change
AND give examples of each.
jschmied©2014

I can visualize how solids, liquids, and gases behave in a container
and describe the properties of each state of matter.
Goal: I can tell at least 3
different characteristics
of each state of matter,
including VRT
jschmied©2014

jschmied©2014
A. B. C.
Which is which……and tell why this is so!
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter
Goal: I can tell the which state of matter is displayed in a diagram
And explain 3 characteristics of each state of matter

Closed Jar Closed Jar
3 g 48 g
51 g
Chemically
combine
=>
jschmied©2014
Goal: I understand
the Law of
Conservation of
Matter
& can explain the
law for both open &
closed systems

Open System Closed System
Matter
Energy
I can determine if a system is open or closed.
Can Flow In &/or Out Cycles within
Flows through Flows through
jschmied©2014

jschmied©2014
a. Make a clear drawing of the scenario
b. Organize your thoughts
• Choose a timeframe to diagram = > This may be given to you.
• Pencil data in to start with.
d. Identify if the system is Open or Closed & label.
e. Trace the sources of matter or energy through the system.
f. Draw all sources of energy and matter in & out of the system (if open).
• Use the Key and color code for each input/output.
g. Use straight lines & clear labels (print on the horizontal).
h. Double check your figure for errors.

H2O + O2
+ CO2
(Gases)
Light
Energy
Thermal
Energy
I am able to Identify and analyze open & closed systems
Light
Energy
Thermal
Energy
H2O
H2O +
O2 + CO2
(Gases)
H2O + O2
+ CO2
(Gases)
H2O +
O2 + CO2
(Gases)
Start Mass 132.5g End Mass 126.4g Why?
jschmied©2014
=>
Goal: I
understand
the Law of
Conservation
of Matter
& can explain
the law for
both open &
closed systems

=>
H2O (gas)
H2O (liq)
H2O (gas)
H2O (liq)
Light
Energy
Light
Energy
Thermal
Energy
Thermal
Energy
Start Mass 132.5g End Mass 132.5g Why?
Start End
jschmied©2014
Goal: I
understand
the Law of
Conservation
of Matter
& can explain
the law for
both open &
closed systems

About the author:
John Schmied has been a secondary science & environment teacher for 20 years and is involved in
developing practical, yet innovative, hands on curriculum for teens. He also created, developed
and manages a 6 acre Environmental Center at his school site. In addition, John is a Chemical
Hygiene Officer.
John’s presentations have been viewed worldwide & have
been in the top 5% of Slideshare for multiple years.
During this time John served as the Strategic planner for the
Friends of the Hidden River a 501(C)(3) non profit.
• Over the past 13 years Friends helped King County, WA
design, fund, construct & develop the 14,800 sqft
Brightwater Environmental Center in Woodinville WA.
• John is the Director & a principal developer of the
Ground to Sound STEM Environmental Challenge
course, a locally popular cutting edge environmental
program that merges, Science, Tech, Art, Multimedia
and other disciplines with Leadership studies at the
Center
Prior to this period John served for 21 years as a Coast
Guard Officer, primarily involved in ice, navigation, search
and rescue operations. His specialties are Ship handling,
Diving, Personnel, & Oceanographic Operations.
John can be contacted via Linked In.

Physical Science Notes - Properties, Systems, Matter & Energy

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