During Webinar 2 of COLUMBIA’s HRSC Webinar Series, learn about the successful techniques for cost-effective implementation in developing an LNAPL management strategy. Petroleum subsurface investigation and risk evaluation have long presented a difficult challenge, so join our webinar for further discussion on evaluating LNAPL distribution and soil hydraulic permeability. Case studies discussed during this session will include retail stations, pipelines, terminals, railyards, refineries, complex UST sites, military installations, and trucking refueling facilities.

1. © 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies.
Secrets to Success for Cost-Effective
LNAPL Management
John Sohl, President/CEO
COLUMBIA Technologies
(888) 344-2704 ext. 201
jsohl@columbiatechnologies.com
www.columbiatechnologies.com
Rapid, Real-Time High Resolution Site Characterization
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies.
An advanced global approach for site investigation and remediation to
reduce the risk, cost, and uncertainty at LNAPL contaminated properties
May 7, 2013

2. © 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies.
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 2
Webinar Housekeeping Rules
• Recording will be provided after today’s presentation
• 45 minutes
• Submit your questions via Panel on GoToWebinar
• Q&A Session after today’s webinar
• More information at www.columbiatechnologies.com

3. © 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies.
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 3
Today’s Presenter
John Sohl
CEO
COLUMBIA Technologies

4. © 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies.
U.S. Industry Resources
American Petroleum
Institute (API)
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 4
American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Association for Environmental
Health and Sciences (AEHS)
Contaminated Site Clean-Up
Information (CLU-IN)
Interstate Technology
Regulatory Council (ITRC)
National Ground Water
Association (NGWA)
United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA)
Sustainable Remediation
Forum (SURF)

5. © 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies.
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies.
- LNAPL saturation level (thickness is one indicator)
- Groundwater conditions (now and then; perched,
unconfined, confined)
- Soil grain size & structure
- Pore pressure and pore space availability
- Condition of the monitoring wells and their adjacent
formation, filter pack, and seals
- What elevation (depth) intervals are we working with?
- What tools do we have that can provide useful data
regarding these conditions?
The LNAPL Challenge
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What is LNAPL?
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NAPL = Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid
- Do not mix with water and remain as a separate phase
- Include petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated
solvents
LNAPL = NAPL that is less dense than water
- Gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and crude oil
- Multi-component mixtures
Courtesy of:
LNAPL

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Underground – It’s Complicated
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Courtesy of:

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LNAPL Site Conceptual Model
Some Factors to be Considered
-LNAPL Saturation
- In-well thickness (and condition of well)
- Saturated vs. unsaturated zones
- Pore sharing (water, air, other fluids)
- Water level response (current and historical)
- Heterogeneous conditions (soil and water)
- Head and gradient (both LNAPL and groundwater)
- Hydraulic conductivity & transmissivity
- Mobile vs. migrating
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 8
Courtesy of:

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Terminology and Definitions
TPH - Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Csat - Sorbed, dissolved, and soil gas have a finite capacity for organic
chemicals
LNAPL – When the TPH concentration exceeds Csat, then a fourth phase,
LNAPL must exist TPH > Csat -> LNAPL
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 9
LNAPL present, but cannot flow
into wells
LNAPL can flow into wells
LNAPL
Csat
Csat Residual Mobile Migrating

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Pores and Pore Pressure
Quick Notes:
- LNAPL share pore space with other fluids including air
- The head pressure of the LNAPL must overcome the pore
entry pressure for LNAPL migration
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 10
Courtesy of:
WaterLNAPL
Flow
Flow
For water wet media

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High Resolution Systems
Method Target Data
MIP (Membrane Interface Probe)
(MIP-EC, MiHPT, MIP-HTL, LL MIP, MIP-XSD)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
(Dissolved phase petroleum and/or Solvents )
LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence)
(UVOST®, ROST®, TarGOST®, FFD)
LNAPL/Residual phase petroleum
Light petroleum fuels to coal tars
HPT (Hydraulic Profiling Tool) Soil hydraulics (pore pressure, soil permeability)
PST (Pneumatic Slug Test) Soil characteristic - permeability
EC (Electrical Conductivity) Soil characteristic - electrical
CPT (Cone Penetrometer) Soil characteristic, behavior type
Discrete Groundwater Profiling
Short, discrete screen interval (0.2 – 1.0 meter)
VOCs, SVOCs, Metals, Biologics, Gases
Onsite Laboratory Analyses
Rapid Laboratory grade GC, GCMS, HPLC, other
VOCs, SVOCs, Metals, Gases
Real Time Data Management
Mapping and vertical profile charts
Quality Assurance and Decision Making
Results presented via Internet in real time
11© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies.

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Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)
Quick Notes:
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
- Vapor, Dissolved Phase, Sorbed Phase,
some NAPL
- Typical DL: 1 ppm fuel / 200 ppb solvent
(can be lower with special procedures)
- Integrated Electrical Conductivity and/or
- Hydraulic Profiling Tool
- Optional Heated Trunk Line
- Matrix effects
- Performance Test Required!
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 12

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MiHpt Response to LNAPL –
Unsaturated Zone
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Think Sponge

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Sample LIF Log
Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
UltraViolet Optical Screening Tool®(UVOST®)
Quick Notes:
- Responds to PAH containing compounds
- Residual Phase Petroleum Hydrocarbons
- Excellent mapping of NAPL
- Matrix effects
- Reference Emitter (RE) source test required
Compound
Waveforms
Depth
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LIF Principles of Operation
• PAHs fluoresce when struck with UV light
• Each PAH has a unique fluorescence spectrum
• Heavier PAHs are more red-shifted
LIF responds to free-phase PAHs – anything with
more than one benzene ring

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LIF Principles of Operation
• PAHs fluoresce when struck with UV light
• Each PAH has a unique fluorescence spectrum
• Heavier PAHs are more red-shifted
LIF responds to free-phase PAHs – anything with
more than one benzene ring
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Linear Response Over Wide Range
of Saturation

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Optical Spectroscopy:
- FOUR different frequency bands
- Fluorescent light received from the
down hole window
- Lighter, shorter chain hydrocarbons
blue-green
- Heavier, longer chain hydrocarbons
orange-red
- Matrix effects
- Reference Emitter (RE) source test
required
Kerosene/Diesel at water table
Deeper but lighter LNAPL
UltraViolet Optical Screening Tool®

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Sample HPT Log
Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)
Quick Notes:
- Used to profile hydraulic pore pressure
and permeability “effective K”
- Integrated EC
- Positive pressure flow of water
supplied from surface
- Determine migration pathways,
remediation injection regions, and
placements for monitoring wells
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 19

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Classic “shark fin”
Evidence of higher NAPL saturations above
Supported by high pore pressure – low flow
zone beneath
Combined HPT and LIF

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$$ of
Monitoring
Wells
NAPLDistribution
Laser Mapping of Petroleum
Pipeline Leakage
Cost-effectively characterize
Contaminated sites
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Starting with The “Monitoring” Well
Situation:
- Historical release
- Multiple MWs installed
- New or recurring free product thickness (1.5-ft) in one or more
wells
- Investigate for unidentified source
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Fact:
- Recurring presence of LNAPL in a monitoring well
OR continued elevated groundwater concentrations
of hydrocarbons are clear evidence of a remaining
source…it just may not be mobile or moving

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Initial LIF Profile Adjacent to the MW
Quick Notes:
- Performance test is GOOD
- Background check is GOOD
- Material in the formation is
different than performance test
standard and repeatable
- Material is at 17 and 19 feet
below grade
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LIF Profile of Product in the MW
Quick Notes:
- Performance test is GOOD
- Background check is GOOD
- Material in the well is lighter
(more fresh, less degraded) than
product in the formation
- Material in the well is different
than the performance test
standard
- Response is repeatable
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 24

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MIP Response Adjacent to the MW
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 25
Remember Csat

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Options and Next Steps:
Is the problem the LNAPL concentration, the Well
performance, the formation, or GW levels?
• Are we at Csat, Residual, Mobile, or Moving?
• What are the historical records for groundwater levels?
• Are the hydrocarbons competing for pore space with the
groundwater?
• Has a lowering groundwater level in the past opened pore
space that enabled LNAPL to move into the well?
• What is the relative elevation relationship between the
formation response, the monitoring well screen, the filter
pack, the seal, and the groundwater level (now and
historically)
• Do we have a confined LNAPL situation beneath a clay
with tight pore space?
• Is the MW performing as expected?
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 26

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Concept of Vertical Equilibrium
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 27
LNAPL
LNAPL
Water Water
Clay
Gravel

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Pneumatic Slug Test (PST)
Quick Notes:
- Used to measure hydraulic conductivity “K”
- Portable, manual tool kit
- Pressurizes formation and then monitors
formation recovery after releasing the
pressure
- Test performed in existing monitoring well
or via direct push drive point
- Development and condition of the well or
drive point screen critical to the quality of
the test
© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies. 28

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Sample PST Log
Pneumatic Slug Test (PST)
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Geoprobe Systems, Salina KS

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Important Final Thoughts
• LOE – Use a (Multiple) Lines of Evidence Approach (no one
tool, sampling methodology, or analytical method works in
every soil and every situation)
• Measure the heterogeneity - Local lithologic changes and
local hydraulics control your outcome
• LNAPL thickness can be an important contributor to head,
the pressure, of the LNAPL and therefore an indictor of
mobility – however, make sure you measure true thickness
in both the formation on the well
• Equally important are the competing hydraulic conductivity
and pore pressure
• Remember Csat!

31. © 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies. 31© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies.
Next in the HRSC Webinar Series
Tips for Identifying Contaminant Transport and Storage Zones
Tuesday, May 21, 2013 | 12:00 PM EST
Register at:
www.columbiatechnologies.com/HRSCWebinar

32. © 2011 COLUMBIA Technologies.
One More Final Thought
It is far better to be approximately correct with a huge data set
than precisely wrong with a limited data set.
Thank You!
Questions?
www.columbiatechnologies.com
32© 2013 COLUMBIA Technologies.