This document discusses cephalosporins, a class of antibiotics that work by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It covers four generations of cephalosporins that differ in their spectrum of antibacterial activity, with later generations having broader coverage. First-generation cephalosporins are mainly active against gram-positive bacteria. Second-generation drugs have enhanced gram-negative coverage. Third-generation cephalosporins are most potent against gram-negatives but less so against gram-positives. Fourth-generation cephalosporins have the broadest spectrum of activity. Side effects include rashes, diarrhea, and allergic reactions.

1. CEPHALOSPORIN
Group 3
6B

2. CEPHALOSPORIN
• Cephalosphorin are bacteridal and work by
interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
• Active against gram-positives, gram-
negatives or anaerobic bacteria. They do not
against fungi and viruses.

3. GENERATION OF CEPHALOSPORINS
Fourth Generation
Third Generation
Second Generation
First Generation

4. FIRST GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
 First-generation cephalosporins are
usually active against gram-positive and
have limited activity against gram-negative
bacteria.
 They are available both in parental and
oral forms.
 Currently available first-generation
cephalosporins include cefadroxil,
cefazolin, cephalexin and cephradine.

5. Action
 Bind to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell
death.
Therapeutic Effects
 Bactericidal action against susceptible bacteria.
Spectrum
 Active against many gram-positive cocci including:
Streptococci, Penicillinase-producing Staphylococci.
 Not active against: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci,
Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus.
 Active against some gram-negative rods including:
Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escbericbia
coli.

6. SECOND GENERATION
 Second generation cephalosporins have
coverage against gram-positive organisms
similar to that of the first-generation
cepalosporins but have enhance coverage
against gram-negative bacteria.
 Both parenteral and oral formulation are
available.
 Currently available second generation
cephalosporin include cefoxitin and
cefuroxime.

7. THIRD-GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
 Drug included
 Ceftriaxone
 Ceftazidime
 Most potent of the first three generation in
fighting gram-negative bacteria but less
activity than the first and second drug against
gram-positive organism.

8. FOURTH-GENERATION
CEPHALOSPORIN
 There are currently three fourth-generation
cephalosporin:cefdinir,cefepime,and
cefditoren pivoxil.
 Some references classify these with the third
generation drug. They have a broader
spectrum of anti bacteria activity, especially
against gram-positive bacteria, than the third
generation drug.

9. TYPE OF DRUG UNDER CEPHALOSPORINS
FIRST GENERATION
IV PO
-CEFAZOLIN -CEFADROXIL
-CEPHARADIN -CEPHALEXIN
-CEPHRADINE

10. SECOND GENERATION
IV PO
-CEFOXITIN -CEFACLOR
-CEFUROXIME -CEFPROZIL
-CEFMETAZOLE
-CEFOTETAN
-LORACARBEF

11. THIRD GENERATION
IV PO
-CEFOPERAZONE -CEFPODOXIME
-CEFOTAXIME -PROXETIL
-CEFTIZOXIME -CEFTIBUTEN
-CEFTAZIDIME

12. FOURTH GENERATION
IV PO
-CEFEPIME -CEFDINIR
-CEFDITOREN
-PIVOXIL

13. SIDE EFFECT OF DRUG UNDER
CEPHALOSPORIN
*Cns :Seizures(high doses)
*GI :Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting
*Derm :Rashes, pruritis
*Hemat :Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
*Misc :Allergic reaction including anaphylaxis
a serum sickness, super infection.

14.  Nursing diagnosis
 Rashes related to side effect of cephalosporin
medication as evidence by patient complain of
red and itchy at his/her skin.
 Goal
 Reduce rashes of the patient

15. NURSING INTERVENTION
 Asses the rashes such as location, level of pain,
condition of rashes to develop medical
treatment of the patient.
 Stop all the antibiotic related to cephalosporin
group to avoid the rashes became bigger and
more pain.
 Encourage patient to take bath frequently to
increase patient hygiene and reduce the rashes.
 Avoid and note the patient from scratch the
rashes area to prevent rashes from spread.
 Limited the visitor to avoid other from the
rashes.