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Wines of France
- 1. WINES OF FRANCE © 2012 Julia Sevenich German Wine School
- 2. France - History •600 BC colonization by Greek settlers •Romans spread Christianity and viticulture •1789-1899 French revolution •Mildew and phylloxera last half of the 1800’s •Two World Wars
- 3. France Current Wine Statistics Per Capita Annual Consumption • Wine 50 liters (OIV 2008) • Beer 35 liters • Bottled Water 135 liters US Americans drink 9 liters and Brits 20 liters per capita annually, but France has far less binge drinking and alcohol abuse problems.
- 4. France Current Wine Statistics Production • Total area 858,000 ha (OIV 2008) • 43 million hl (OIV 2008) • 17% world export volume (OIV 2008) • More than 300 Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC)
- 5. France
- 6. Example France – new laws as of Aug. 2010 Old classification New classification Vin de Table Vignobles de France (variety, vintage, modern techniques) Vin de Pays IGP (Indication Geogra- phique Protegée) AOC AOP (Appellation d‘Origine Protegée AOP is a protection granted at the European level to a wide range of consumable products; it reforms some of the barriers formerly imposed by AOC, without replacing it. A producer who is unable to get an AOP will lose its AOC, but it is possible to be both AOC and AOP
- 7. Quality pyramid I Table wines (since 2010) AOP resp. AOC or VDQS Quality wine IGP/VdP de zone e.g. Cathare Table wine IGP/VdP de départemant e.g. l‘Aude IGP/VdP de région e.g. Oc Vin de Table francais 7
- 8. Quality pyramid II Quality wines (since 2010) AOP/AOC Grand Cru In Burgundy, e.g.Corton Quality wine AOP/AOC Communale / 1er Cru e.g. Pauillac, Aloxe-Corton / Aloxe- Corton „Les Chaillots“ (1er Cru) AOP/AOC Sous-Régionale e.g. Médoc AOP/AOC Régionale e.g. Bordeaux, Bourgogne Table wine 8
- 9. France Classification of French Wine Table Wine and Land Wine • Vignobles de France • Indication Geographique Protegee or IGP – All grape varieties – Sourced from two or more different regions – Varietal labelling
- 10. France Classification of French wine Quality wines • AOC/P Regional – A. Bordeaux C. – A. Bourgogne C. • AOC/P Sub-region – A. Haut-Medoc C. – A. Cote de Nuits-Villages C. • AOC/P Communal – A. Pauillac C. – A. Vosne-Romanée C. • AOC/P Top Level – 1er Cru • Ch. Margaux/Medoc – Grand Cru • Clos de Vougeot/Burgundy
- 11. France - Champagne © 2010 Julia Sevenich
- 12. Champagne Climate •influenced by maritime and continental factors –Winters are mild –Summers can be dry –Overall a very cool grape growing area Soil •predominantly chalky subsoil –very good water retention –adds to mineral character
- 13. Champagne
- 14. France – Champagne Districts • Montagne de Reims – 56% PN, 28% CH, 16% PM • Vallée de la Marne – 63% PM, 27% PN, 10% CH • Côte des Blancs – 96% CH, 3% PN, 1% PM • Aube – 83% PN, 8% CH, 7% PM • Côte de Sézanne – 70% CH, 21% PN, 9% PM
- 15. France - Champagne Appellations •17 Grand Cru locations –Bouzy –Ay –Verdun –Mailly •38 1er Cru villages •No Cru designation
- 16. France - Champagne The Grape Price System •Basic price negotiated annually •2011 average Grand Cru price € 5.85 per kg –Grand Cru 100 % –1er Cru 90 - 99 % –No Cru level 80 - 89 %
- 17. CHAMPAGNE Grape varieties White Red • Chardonnay • Pinor Noir –28% – 39% • Pinot Meunier – 33%
- 18. France - Champagne Méthode Champenoise • Traditional basket press • Ferment dry to ca. 9% alcohol in casks/vats • Assemblage • 2nd fermentation in bottle • Poignetage, Remuage and Yeast Autolysis • Disgorgement • Liqueur d’Expédition • Corking
- 19. Champagne Styles of Champagne Non-vintage white Blanc de Blancs Blanc de Noirs Rosé Vintage Prestige Cuvées
- 20. France – Loire Valley
- 21. France - Loire
- 22. France - Loire Geography •Numerous Loire vineyards follow the river from the Central Massif to the Atlantic Ocean Climate •Central area –continental climate (hot summers, cold winters) •Western area –maritime (moderate) climates Soil •Pays Nantais –granite, sandstone and mica slate •Anjou and Touraine –pebbles, slate and limestone •Pouilly-sur-Loire –clay limestone
- 23. France -Loire 4 Districts Touraine Pays Nantais • Chinon •Muscadet • Bourgeoil •Muscadet de Sèvre et Maine • Vouvray Anjou Pouilly-Sur-Loire •Savenniéres • Sancerre •Couteau de Layon • Pouilly Fumé •Saumur • Quincy •Champigny • Ruilly
- 24. Loire Grape varieties • White • Red – Chenin blanc – Cabernet franc (Pineau de la Loire) – Gamay – Pinot Noir – Sauvignon blanc – Muscadet (Melon de Bourgogne) – Chardonnay
- 25. France - Alsace
- 26. Alsace Geography •Narrow strip on the eastern foothills of the Vosges mountains, to the west of the Rhine valley Climate •Continental, cold winters and warm summers Soils •Geologic activity of the Rhine Valley has created a patchwork of volcanic rock, granite, gneiss, slate, limestone, sandstone, clay and loess.
- 27. France - Alsace
- 28. France - Alsace Appellations •Alsace Grand Cru (GC): since 1983 –four permitted grape varieties (variety does not have to be on label since 2005) •Muscat •Riesling •Gewürztraminer •Pinot Gris –Renowned Grand Cru locations •Kaefferkopf •Schlossberg
- 29. France – Alsace Grape varieties White Rot • Gewürztraminer • Pinot Noir • Riesling • Sylvaner • Pinot blanc • Pinot Gris (Tokay) • Muscat • Chasselas • Auxerrois
- 30. France – Alsace Styles •Alsace AOC and Alsace Grand Cru –dry to off-dry wines –Gewürztraminer and Pinot Gris sometimes medium dry •Vendange tardive –late harvest style –medium dry to medium sweet •Selection des grains nobles –botrytised grapes –very sweet, dessert wine.
- 32. Burgundy Climate •Continental •cold winters and warm but variable summers •very cold winters in Chablis •Cotes d’Or mostly sheltered from western rains •Rainfall 30 inches •Humidity 65% •1,831 hours sunlight •41% daylight hours
- 33. Burgundy -Geology • Topography: Alpine upheaval, Saône rift • Warm shallow sea deposited limestone and marl • Beaujolais granites and schists brought to surface by tertiary upheaval
- 34. France - Burgundy • Chablis Chardonnay • Cote d’Or – Cote de Nuits Pinot Noir – Cote de Beaune Chardonnay or Pinot Noir • Chalonnais Chardonnay or Pinot Noir • Macon Chardonnay or Pinot Noir • Beaujolais Gamay
- 35. France - Burgundy Appellation System (Quality Pyramid) •Grand Cru •1er Cru •Commune/village •District •Regional –Bourgogne Ordinaires –Bourgogne AOC
- 36. Burgundy - Grand Crus
- 37. Burgundy – Côtes de Nuits
- 38. Burgundy – Côtes du Beaune
- 40. Burgundy Grand Cru label
- 42. Label Villages
- 43. Chablis - slopes
- 44. France - Burgundy Chablis appellations •Petit Chablis •Chablis •Chablis Premier Cru •Chablis Grand Cru Beaujolais appellations •Beaujolais •Beaujolais Villages •Beaujolais Supérieur •Beaujolais Cru (10 designated) –Brouilly, Côtes de Brouilly, Morgon, Chiroubles, Fleurie, Juliénas, Moulin-a-vent, Chenas, Saint-Amour and Régnié.
- 45. France - Burgundy Grape varieties White Red Chardonnay Pinot Noir Aligoté Gamay
- 46. France - Burgundy Styles •Dry red and white wines –Chablis •steely, mineral, flinty Chardonnay •little or no oak influence. –Cote d’Or •basic to world-class Chardonnay and Pinot Noir •top whites more oak than Chablis –Macon/Chalonnais •basic to good white and red wines •lighter in style than Cote d’Or –Beaujolais •soft and fruity red wines (Gamay) •Cru wines have some character
- 47. Northern Rhône
- 48. Southern Rhône
- 49. Rhône Geography –Vineyards north to south along the Rhône River Climate –North: warm continental climate –South: hot Mediterranean (maritime) climate Soil –North: steep terraces, slate, gneiss and granite –South: gentle slopes, gravel, sand and sandstone
- 50. RHONE Appellations •Côtes du Rhône •Côtes du Rhône Villages •Renowned communities in the North –Condrieu –Château Grillet –Côte Rotie –Hermitage •Renowned communities in the South –Châteauneuf-du-Pape –Gigondas –Vacqueyras
- 51. France - Northern Rhone
- 52. France - Northern Rhone
- 53. France – Rhône Grape varieties White Red • North • North –Marsanne – Syrah –Viognier • South • South – Carignan –Clairette – Cinsault –Marsanne – Mouvédre –Muscat à petits grains – Grenache Noir –Roussanne – Syrah
- 54. France - Rhône Styles •North –big and spicy whites from Condrieu –more mineral character in white Hermitage –red wines spicy and tannic –top-quality terroirs from Cote-Rotie and Hermitage need many years to develop •South –mainly red wines –fruity and elegant rosé wines from Tavel –soft and fruity reds –high alcohol levels –drinkable earlier than wines from North
- 55. France – Jura & Savoie Climate •harsh and continental –hot summers, cold winters and usually sunny falls Jura •Area 1.500 ha •Appellations –Arbois, Chateau Chalon •Famous (historical) –Vin Jaune (“yellow wine”) Savoie •Area 1.500 ha •Appellations only of regional importance
- 57. France – Provence & Corsica Grape varieties White Red • Clairette • Carignon • Ugni blanc • Cinsault • Rolle (Vermentino) • Grenache Noir • Vermentino • Mourvedre • Tibouren • Syrah • Cabernet Sauvignon
- 58. Bordeaux Total vineyard area: ca.124,000 ha Production: ca. 6,500,000 hl
- 59. Bordeaux
- 60. France - Bordeaux Climate •maritime climate –Gulf stream influence –Mediterranean climate •Garonne and Dordogne rivers provide ground water •Pine forest of the Landes form a barrier against Atlantic winds Topography •A western plateau which slopes gradually toward the Atlantic coast •An eastern plateau with low, hilly terrain
- 61. Bordeaux •Left Bank •Left bank of the Garonne River •Médoc, Graves and Sauternes •Predominantly gravel with sand and pebbles •Efficient drainage •Red and white blends •Cabernet Sauvignon dominates reds •Sémillon dominates whites
- 63. Bordeaux •Right Bank •Right bank of the Dordogne River •St. Emilion, Pomerol and the Libournais, Bourgeais and Blayais •Clay, chalk, sand and some gravel •Merlot dominated
- 64. Bordeaux • Entre-deux-Mers – Region between the Garonne and the Dordogne River – Clay and limestone – Merlot dominates reds – Sémillon and Sauvignon Blanc dominate whites
- 65. Bordeaux The 1855 Classification of the Médoc Premiers Crus • Château Latour • Deuxièmes Crus (14) • Château Lafite-Rothschild • Troisièmes Crus (14) • Château Margaux • Quartièmes Crus (10) • Château Haut-Brion • Cinquièmes Crus (18) • Châteaz Mouton- Rothschild (added in 1973) – The classified châteaux comprise 24% of total Médoc production.
- 66. Bordeaux The 1855 Classification of Sauternes 26 Château: • Premier Grand Cru (1= Château d‘Yquem) • Premier Crus (11) • Deuxiémes Crus (14 – 8 from Barsac)
- 68. France - Bordeaux Classifications Graves classification of 1959 • Cru Classé 13 reds • Cru Classé 8 whites Cru Bourgeois - classification of 1932 • Cru Bourgeois Exceptionnel • Cru Bourgeois Superieur • Cru Bourgeois St. Emilion classification of 1955 (revised every 10 years) • 1er Grands Crus Classés A • 1er Grands Crus Classés B • Grands Cru Classés
- 69. France – Bordeaux Grape varieties White (25 %) Red (75%) • Muscadelle • Cabernet Sauvignon • Sauvignon blanc • Cabernet Franc • Sémillon • Merlot • Malbec • Petit Verdot • Carmenére
- 70. Climate and soil •South of Bordeaux •Maritime climate •Limestone, clay and sandstone •Some gravel along the river banks
- 71. France – Sud-Ouest Appellations • Bergerac • Béarn –Same white and red varieties as • Côtes de Bergerac Bordeaux • Buzet, Côtes de Duras • Cahors • Cotes du Frontonnais –Reds only • Côtes du Marmadais –Malbec (Cot) is dominant variety –Lean but well-structured • Gaillac • Madiran • Irouléguy –Tannat predominates • Marcillac –Other reds are Cabernet-based • Monbazillac –Deep structure with some • Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh astringency • Pécharmant • Jurancon • Rosette –Sweet white from Petit Manseng • Saussignac –Dry wine from Gros Manseng
- 72. France – Sud-Ouest Grape varieties White Red • Colombard • Cabernet Franc • Semillon • Cot • Petit Manseng • Merlot • Gros Manseng • Tannat • Sauvignon Blanc • Muscadelle
- 75. France – Languedoc Roussillon Geography •foothills of the Cevennes and the Pyrenees Climate •Mediterranean climate •danger of summer drought Soil •Herault and Gard –alluvial soils predominate •Corbières and Roussilion –Limestone –Gravelly soils on the high-altitude slopes
- 76. France – Languedoc Roussillon Grape varieties White Red • Bourboulenc • Carignan • Picpoul • Cinsault • Clairette • Grenache Noir • Grenache blanc • Mouvèdre • Macabeu • Syrah • Muscat à petits grains • Malvoisie • Marsanne
- 77. France – Languedoc Roussillon Styles Generally speaking, dry red,white and rosé wines, from light to medium-bodied, with warm climate chracteristics. Some sweet dessert wines, including red ones. In recent years, this area has been the source of an increasing number of premium « garagiste » wines.
- 78. France The End © 2012 Julia Sevenich German Wine School